Question

Difficulty: HardCardiovascular System

A 31-year-old G1P0 woman at 38 weeks gestation presents for an urgent evaluation due to severe, worsening shortness of breath over the past week. She reports that her breathing is particularly difficult at night, requiring her to sleep in a recliner chair. She also notes a persistent, dry cough and significant swelling in her legs. She has no significant past medical history, and her pregnancy has been uncomplicated thus far. Her blood pressure is 112/74 mm Hg, pulse is 116/min, and respirations are 24/min. Pulse oximetry shows 92% on ambient air. Physical examination reveals prominent jugular venous distension while sitting at a 45-degree angle. Cardiac auscultation demonstrates a regular tachycardia with a low-pitched, early diastolic sound at the cardiac apex. Lung auscultation reveals crackles in bilateral lung bases. There is 2+ pitting edema in both lower extremities extending to the knees. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in evaluation?

  1. Transthoracic echocardiographyAnswer
  2. B
    Spirometry before and after bronchodilator administration
  3. C
    Computed tomography angiography of the chest
  4. D
    24-hour urine protein collection
  5. E
    Serum brain natriuretic peptide level measurement

Answer

Transthoracic echocardiography
The patient's clinical presentation is classic for acute decompensated heart failure, evidenced by volume overload (JVD, peripheral edema, crackles) and left ventricular failure (S3 gallop, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea). In a woman presenting during the last month of pregnancy or up to 5 months postpartum without prior cardiac disease, the most likely etiology is peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). The definitive diagnostic test for PPCM is transthoracic echocardiography, which is necessary to confirm left ventricular systolic dysfunction (defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 45%).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the clinical signs and symptoms.
The patient exhibits orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hypoxemia, jugular venous distension (JVD), bibasilar crackles, lower extremity edema, and a prominent S3 gallop (low-pitched, early diastolic sound).
Identifying these physical exam findings confirms a state of acute decompensated heart failure with biventricular involvement.
2
Correlate the syndrome with the patient's demographic and temporal profile.
The patient is in the last month of pregnancy (38 weeks gestation) with new-onset heart failure and no prior cardiac history.
New-onset heart failure occurring between the last month of pregnancy and 5 months postpartum strongly suggests peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).
3
Determine the optimal diagnostic modality for the suspected condition.
Transthoracic echocardiography is required.
The formal diagnosis of PPCM requires objective demonstration of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 45%) via echocardiography.

Key Concept

The diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy requires a high index of suspicion in late pregnancy and is confirmed by identifying left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF < 45%) on transthoracic echocardiography.
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