Match the following clinical study calculations to their corresponding epidemiological measure of disease frequency or association.
- The odds of having consumed undercooked poultry in a group of patients presenting with Campylobacter gastroenteritis divided by the odds in a group of asymptomatic controls.Odds ratio
- The reciprocal of the absolute difference in the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events between a placebo group and a statin therapy group.Number needed to treat
- The incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with a history of smoking minus the incidence in those who have never smoked.Attributable risk
- The incidence rate of developing end-stage renal disease over 5 years in patients with uncontrolled hypertension divided by the incidence rate in those with controlled hypertension.Relative risk
Answer
The calculations match with Odds Ratio for the case-control exposure comparison, Number Needed to Treat for the reciprocal of the absolute risk difference, Attributable Risk for the absolute difference in incidences, and Relative Risk for the ratio of incidences.
Each calculation represents a fundamental epidemiological metric applied in clinical research. The Odds Ratio is the cross-product ratio of exposure in cases versus controls. Number Needed to Treat is the mathematical inverse of the absolute risk reduction. Attributable Risk is the incidence in the exposed minus the incidence in the unexposed. Relative Risk is the incidence in the exposed divided by the incidence in the unexposed.
Step-by-Step Solution
Key Concept
Measures of Disease Frequency and Association