Question

Difficulty: HardEndocrinology and Metabolism

An occupational health clinic evaluates a 3131-year-old hospital pharmacist for a two-month history of irritability, frequent palpitations, and heat intolerance. She reports poor sleep and an unintentional 4-kg4\text{-kg} (8.8-lb8.8\text{-lb}) weight loss during this period. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no prescribed medications, although she admits to taking various over-the-counter "energy supplements" to help with long shifts. Her vital signs show a pulse of 112/min112\text{/min} and a blood pressure of 138/82 mm Hg138/82\text{ mm Hg}. Physical examination reveals a fine tremor of the outstretched hands and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes. The eyes show no proptosis, lid lag, or periorbital edema. The thyroid gland is not palpable, and there is no cervical lymphadenopathy or anterior neck tenderness.

Laboratory evaluation shows:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): <0.01 μU/mL<0.01\text{ }\mu\text{U/mL} (normal: 0.40.4-4.0 μU/mL4.0\text{ }\mu\text{U/mL})
Free T4: 2.9 ng/dL2.9\text{ ng/dL} (normal: 0.80.8-1.8 ng/dL1.8\text{ ng/dL})
Free T3: 6.2 pg/mL6.2\text{ pg/mL} (normal: 2.32.3-4.2 pg/mL4.2\text{ pg/mL})

A subsequent 2424-hour radioactive iodine uptake scan reveals <1%<1\% uptake (normal: 10%10\%-30%30\%).

Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the diagnostic workup?

  1. A
    Measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
  2. B
    Measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  3. Measurement of serum thyroglobulinAnswer
  4. D
    Ultrasound of the pelvis
  5. E
    Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain

Answer

Measurement of serum thyroglobulin
This patient presents with clinical and biochemical evidence of primary thyrotoxicosis, confirmed by a suppressed TSH and elevated free T4 and free T3. The subsequent low radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) indicates that her thyroid gland is not actively synthesizing new hormone. The differential diagnosis for thyrotoxicosis with a low RAIU includes destructive thyroiditis (such as painless or subacute thyroiditis), exogenous thyroid hormone intake (factitious thyrotoxicosis), and ectopic thyroid hormone production (such as struma ovarii). The complete lack of neck pain or tenderness effectively rules out subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. To definitively differentiate between painless thyroiditis (endogenous release of preformed hormone due to follicular destruction) and factitious thyrotoxicosis (exogenous hormone consumption), a serum thyroglobulin level is required. Thyroglobulin is a precursor protein that is co-released into the circulation along with endogenous thyroid hormones. Therefore, thyroglobulin levels will be elevated in destructive thyroiditis but suppressed in exogenous thyroid hormone abuse. Given the patient's profession as a pharmacist, providing access to medications, and her use of unnamed 'energy supplements', factitious thyrotoxicosis is highly suspected.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Interpret the initial thyroid function tests.
The patient has a suppressed TSH with elevated free T4 and free T3, confirming primary thyrotoxicosis.
Establishing the biochemical presence of primary thyrotoxicosis is the necessary first step before determining the underlying etiology.
2
Analyze the results of the radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan.
The RAIU is <1%, indicating that the thyroid gland is not actively synthesizing new hormone.
A low RAIU differentiates thyrotoxicosis due to active endogenous overproduction (such as Graves disease or toxic adenoma) from conditions involving preformed hormone release or exogenous hormone intake.
3
Synthesize the clinical presentation with the low RAIU to narrow the differential diagnosis.
The absence of a tender goiter makes subacute (de Quervain) thyroiditis highly unlikely. The primary remaining differentials are painless (silent) thyroiditis and factitious thyrotoxicosis.
Clinical examination features (e.g., presence or absence of pain) help to quickly exclude inflammatory causes of a low RAIU.
4
Select the appropriate confirmatory test to distinguish exogenous from endogenous thyrotoxicosis.
Serum thyroglobulin should be measured.
Thyroglobulin is co-secreted with endogenous thyroid hormone. It is elevated in destructive thyroiditis but profoundly suppressed in factitious thyrotoxicosis due to the exogenous source of hormone suppressing normal glandular activity.

Key Concept

Patients presenting with thyrotoxicosis and a low radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) should be evaluated with a serum thyroglobulin level to definitively differentiate between endogenous destructive thyroiditis (which features high thyroglobulin) and exogenous factitious thyrotoxicosis (which features low thyroglobulin).
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