An otherwise healthy -year-old nulliparous woman comes to the obstetric clinic at weeks gestation for a scheduled prenatal visit. She reports a recent onset of generalized fatigue and states she frequently needs to catch her breath after walking up a single flight of stairs to her apartment. The patient also notes intermittent "fluttering" sensations in her chest that last for a few seconds and resolve spontaneously. She denies any chest pain, fainting episodes, nighttime coughing, or orthopnea. Routine -week laboratory tests, including a complete blood count and a -hour oral glucose challenge test, performed last week were within normal limits. Her temperature is (), blood pressure is mm Hg, pulse is /min, and respirations are /min. On physical examination, the apical impulse is palpated in the fourth intercostal space, slightly lateral to the midclavicular line. Auscultation of the heart reveals a grade systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border and a distinct third heart sound (). The lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Trace bilateral pitting pedal edema is noted. An in-office electrocardiogram demonstrates normal sinus rhythm with a leftward shift of the QRS axis compared to her first-trimester baseline, with no ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
- Reassurance and continuation of routine prenatal careAnswer
- BTransthoracic echocardiography
- C24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring
- DMeasurement of serum B-type natriuretic peptide
- EChest radiography
Answer
Furthermore, as the gravid uterus enlarges in the second and third trimesters, it pushes the diaphragm upward. This mechanically displaces the heart superiorly and laterally, resulting in a palpably displaced apical impulse (point of maximal impulse) and a leftward shift of the QRS axis on an electrocardiogram.
Subjectively, pregnant patients frequently experience dyspnea on exertion (driven by a progesterone-mediated increase in tidal volume and central respiratory drive) and occasional palpitations. Peripheral edema is also a standard finding due to compression of the inferior vena cava and decreased plasma oncotic pressure. Because this patient has no "red-flag" signs of true cardiac pathology (e.g., a diastolic murmur, a murmur graded , orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or syncope), her findings are purely physiologic, and further diagnostic testing is unwarranted.