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Zorluk: OrtaCause-and-Effect Relationships

Passage

In the eighteenth century, the inability to accurately determine longitude at sea was the greatest hazard facing maritime navigation, often resulting in devastating shipwrecks and lost cargo. While latitude could be easily calculated by measuring the angle of the sun or stars relative to the horizon, calculating longitude required knowing the precise time at a reference meridian (such as Greenwich) compared to the local time on the ship. Because pendulum clocks of the era were highly sensitive to the motion of ships and changes in temperature, they became inaccurate at sea, leading to dangerous errors in navigation. To solve this, John Harrison developed the marine chronometer, a highly precise timepiece utilizing a spring-driven mechanism that remained unaffected by the ship's rolling motion or temperature fluctuations. By providing sailors with a reliable reference time, the chronometer allowed navigators to calculate their exact longitude, which dramatically reduced navigation errors and ultimately revolutionized transoceanic travel.

According to the passage, John Harrison's marine chronometer succeeded in reducing navigation errors because it resolved which of the following issues?

  1. A
    The inability of sailors to determine their latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or stars.
  2. B
    The tendency of inaccurate longitude calculations to cause fluctuations in the speed of pendulum clocks.
  3. The susceptibility of standard timepieces to the physical motion and temperature variations experienced during voyages.Cevap
  4. D
    The reliance of maritime navigators on the ship's rolling motion to wind spring-driven clock mechanisms.

Cevap

The susceptibility of standard timepieces to the physical motion and temperature variations experienced during voyages.
The correct answer correctly identifies the instability of standard timepieces due to ship motion and temperature changes as the primary issue resolved by Harrison's chronometer. The text explicitly links these environmental factors to the inaccuracy of pendulum clocks and explains that the chronometer's spring-driven design was unaffected by them.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the problem that Harrison's marine chronometer was designed to solve.
The passage indicates that Harrison developed the chronometer to solve the inaccuracy of pendulum clocks at sea, which was caused by their sensitivity to the ship's motion and temperature changes.
Understanding the initial causal chain (motion/temperature -> clock inaccuracy -> navigation errors) is necessary to determine what issue the new technology resolved.
2
Analyze how the chronometer functioned to resolve this problem.
The chronometer used a spring-driven mechanism that remained unaffected by the ship's rolling motion or temperature fluctuations, thereby maintaining a reliable reference time.
This shows the direct cause-and-effect relationship between the chronometer's design and its success in reducing errors.
3
Evaluate the options to find the one that matches this causal link while avoiding common misconceptions.
The correct option identifies the susceptibility of standard timepieces to motion and temperature as the resolved issue, while incorrect options reverse the causality, misidentify a literal detail, or make an invalid inference.
This ensures the selected option is factually and logically supported by the text.

Anahtar Kavram

Determining cause-and-effect relationships from a passage
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Konular

Cause-and-Effect Relationships

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