Tüm alıştırma soruları

Although the researcher expected the chemical reaction to proceed slowly, the mixture actually changed color surprising fast when exposed to direct sunlight.

Which choice is the most grammatically correct option for the underlined portion?

The passage below discusses the acoustic properties of ancient Greek theatres. Read the passage and determine the correct present-tense form of the verb 'to allow' to complete the sentence. What is the correct form of the verb?

Read the passage about the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. Based on the historical context and surrounding verbs, what are the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses—'force' and 'leave'—that should fill in the blanks to maintain a consistent and grammatically correct tense throughout the paragraph?

In the mid-twentieth century, cartographer Marie Tharp worked alongside geologist Bruce Heezen to map the Atlantic Ocean floor. Tharp carefully analyzed sounding data collected by Heezen and drafted detailed diagrams of the underwater landscape. When Tharp identified a massive rift valley running down the center of the mid-ocean ridge, this prompted a heated debate about the theory of continental drift. Heezen initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk,' but later research proved her maps were remarkably accurate.

Which choice best replaces the underlined word to make the sentence clear and precise?

Despite the challenging weather conditions, the experienced climber proved she was capable to reach the summit of the mountain.

Which of the following choices best replaces the underlined portion of the sentence?

Passage

Scientists had long believed that all marine life ultimately depended on sunlight for energy. . Consequently, the ecosystems surrounding hydrothermal vents rely on chemosynthesis, a process that requires no light.

Which of the following choices best establishes a logical and grammatically correct transition between the two sentences?

The culinary critic noted that the chef’s choice of a tart cranberry reduction perfectly compliments the rich, savory flavors of the roasted duck.

Which choice represents the correct word and form to use in the sentence?

To prepare a gourmet meal, the chef selected fresh organic vegetables, simmered the broth for several hours, and the steaks were grilled over an open flame. This careful attention to detail ensured that every component of the dish was cooked to perfection. The guests thoroughly enjoyed the dining experience and praised the chef's expertise.

Which of the following choices best maintains a consistent grammatical construction in the first sentence?

Which forms of the modifiers in parentheses correctly complete the blanks in the passage below?

### Models of the Martian Crustal Dichotomy

Mars's topography is divided into two distinct regions: the flat northern lowlands, which have a thin crust, and the cratered southern highlands, which have a thick crust. Scientists have proposed two models to explain the origin of this dichotomy.

Model 1
The dichotomy was formed by internal geological processes. Early in Mars's history, a single massive upwelling mantle plume developed beneath the southern hemisphere, accompanied by a corresponding downwelling in the northern hemisphere. This convection pattern caused crustal thinning in the north due to partial melting and lithospheric recycling, while volcanic material accumulated in the south, thickening the southern crust. This internal redistribution of heat and mass occurred gradually over approximately $100$ to $300$ million years.

Model 2
The dichotomy was created by an external event. An oblique impact by a large planetary body (approximately $1,600$ to $2,700$ kilometers in diameter) struck Mars’s northern hemisphere during the late stage of Mars's accretion. The energy from this giant impact melted and excavated the existing northern crust, forming the Borealis Basin. The southern highlands represent the pre-impact crust that remained largely unaffected. The initial excavation of the basin and removal of the northern crust occurred within a few hours of the impact.

Based on the models, Model 1 and Model 2 differ on which of the following aspects of the formation of the Martian crustal dichotomy?

### Surviving Extreme Desiccation

Tardigrades are microscopic animals famous for their ability to survive extreme environmental conditions by entering a state of suspended animation called cryptobiosis. During cryptobiosis, tardigrades lose up to 97% of their body water. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain how tardigrades protect their cellular components from damage during this desiccation process.

Hypothesis 1
Tardigrades produce high levels of tardigrade-unique intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs) during desiccation. TDPs lack a fixed three-dimensional structure and instead form a glass-like solid (vitrification) inside the cytoplasm. This vitrified matrix physically traps and stabilizes cellular membranes and proteins, preventing them from unfolding and aggregating. TDPs are the primary molecules responsible for this protection; other molecules, such as the disaccharide trehalose, play no significant role in cellular survival.

Hypothesis 2
Tardigrades protect their cells by synthesizing large amounts of the sugar trehalose during desiccation. Trehalose molecules physically replace water molecules by forming hydrogen bonds directly with cellular proteins and membrane lipids. This chemical substitution maintains the native structure of these macromolecules, preventing denaturation and membrane fusion. Trehalose is the primary protective agent during desiccation; TDPs do not play a significant role.

Suppose researchers identify a mutant strain of tardigrade that is incapable of synthesizing TDPs but produces normal levels of trehalose. When subjected to desiccation, these mutant tardigrades experience widespread cellular collapse and do not survive.

Which of the following statements best describes how this finding affects Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2?

In the context of evolutionary biology, researchers have noted that the plumage of a male peacock is far more vibrant than a female peahen, serving as a primary signal of genetic fitness during courtship rituals.

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would be best?

Most carnivorous pitcher plants capture insects using slippery walls that cause prey to slide into digestive fluid. The *Nepenthes hemsleyana* pitcher plant has evolved a very different survival strategy. Consequently, it forms a symbiotic relationship with Hardwicke's woolly bats, which roost inside the plant's pitchers.

Which choice provides the most logical transition between the two sentences while maintaining correct punctuation?

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the modifiers in parentheses (use 'uneven' for the first blank and 'dull' for the second blank) to ensure proper grammatical usage in the passage.

Although lacking a brain or nervous system, the slime mold *Physarum polycephalum* exhibits a form of primitive intelligence. When placed in a maze with oatmeal at two opposite ends, the single-celled organism spreads out to explore all possible paths. Within hours, it retracts its dead-end branches and concentrated its mass along the shortest route between the food sources. This behavior demonstrates that even simple organisms can process spatial information and optimize resource transport.

Which choice best maintains a consistent and logical verb tense throughout the passage?

Complete the passage by filling in the blank with the correct form of the verb 'adjust' to maintain a consistent construction and avoid an inappropriate shift in tense or voice.

A student is writing an essay about an astronomy club's observation night and has draft-edited the following sentence:

"When calibrating the new telescope, the club president reminded the members and I that if one wishes to capture clear images, you must maintain it's alignment."

Which choice best completes the sentence while maintaining proper pronoun case and person agreement?

The James Webb Space Telescope features a light-gathering capacity that is far greater than the Hubble Space Telescope, allowing astronomers to peer deeper into the history of the universe than ever before.

Which of the following choices best replaces the underlined portion of the sentence?

### Models of the Grand Canyon's Formation

The Grand Canyon in Arizona is one of the most prominent geological features on Earth. Geologists agree that the canyon was formed primarily by the action of the Colorado River, and that the modern carving process began approximately $5$ to $6$ million years ago. However, they debate the speed and mechanism of the carving.

#### Model 1 (Catastrophic Spillover Model)
Model 1 proposes that the Grand Canyon was carved very rapidly by a catastrophic spillover event. According to this model, a large ancient lake, Lake Bidahochi, located on the Colorado Plateau, breached its eastern boundary about $6$ million years ago. The sudden, high-velocity drainage of this massive lake released immense volumes of water, carving the canyon down to near its current depth within a span of just a few weeks to months. In this view, the Colorado River did not carve the canyon slowly; rather, it simply occupied the pre-existing, catastrophically carved canyon after the flood subsided.

#### Model 2 (Steady Erosion Model)
Model 2 proposes that the Grand Canyon was carved gradually over millions of years by steady river erosion. According to this model, as the Colorado Plateau slowly uplifted over the last $6$ million years, the Colorado River maintained its course, acting like a giant band saw. The river steadily eroded the rock at a rate of approximately $0.1$ to $0.2\text{ mm/yr}$, matching the rate of regional tectonic uplift. This model asserts that there was no single catastrophic flooding event; instead, typical seasonal fluctuations and persistent river flow over millions of years accounts for the canyon's deep incision.

Based on the passage, match each of the geological descriptions with the model or models it represents.

Read the passage below. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses—'begin' for the first blank and 'be' for the second blank—to maintain consistent and grammatically correct verb tenses throughout the narrative.