Tüm alıştırma soruları

Based on the rules of grammatical comparison in English, which words correctly complete the sentence comparing the two types of construction materials?

While studying the deep-sea hydrothermal vents, oceanographers observed a resilient, bizarre species of worm, that thrived in the toxic, superheated water.

Which choice best punctuates the underlined portion of the sentence?

### Early Martian Clays

Phyllosilicates (clay minerals) are widely distributed across the oldest terrains of Mars, dating back to the Noachian epoch (approximately 4 billion years ago). Because clays require water to form, their presence indicates that liquid water was active on early Mars. However, scientists disagree on the environmental conditions under which these clays formed.

Hypothesis 1 (Surface Weathering Model)
Phyllosilicates formed primarily at the Martian surface through the chemical weathering of basaltic rocks by ambient liquid water. During the Noachian epoch, Mars had a dense greenhouse atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water vapor ($H_2O$). This atmosphere maintained a warm and wet climate, allowing for rainfall, surface runoff, and stable open bodies of water. Basaltic rocks exposed to this precipitation slowly weathered into clays over millions of years.

Hypothesis 2 (Subsurface Hydrothermal Model)
Phyllosilicates formed primarily in the Martian subsurface through hydrothermal alteration. During the Noachian epoch, Mars had a cold, thin atmosphere, and surface water was frozen as ice. However, heat from geothermal processes and frequent meteoroid impacts warmed groundwater, circulating it through fractures in the basaltic crust. This warm subsurface water chemically altered the surrounding rock into clays. The clays were later exposed at the surface by impact excavation and wind erosion.

Based on Hypothesis 1, which of the following atmospheric and environmental conditions was required for the formation of Martian phyllosilicates?

In the late nineteenth century, the invention of the safety bicycle revolutionized personal transportation. Unlike the high-wheeler, which was notoriously unstable, this new design featured equal-sized wheels and a chain drive. Consequently, the safety bicycle allowed everyday citizens to travel about with relative ease, handing a sweet ride to folks who couldn't cough up the cash for a horse.

Which of the following options, if substituted for the underlined portion, best maintains the established tone of the passage?

Crows are renowned for their problem-solving abilities; they can manipulate tools and solve multi-step puzzles to retrieve food. In a recent study, researchers observed a New Caledonian crow using a stick to extract a hidden treat. The bird had to complete several intermediate tasks first, however, it successfully obtained the reward. This behavior demonstrates that tool use is not unique to primates.

Which of the following choices best corrects the underlined portion of the passage?

Venusian Resurfacing Debate

Venus's surface has a low density of impact craters that are randomly distributed, suggesting a young average surface age of 300 to 600 million years. Two models explain this observation.

Model 1
Venus underwent a single, rapid, planet-wide volcanic resurfacing event approximately 500 million years ago. The entire crust melted and was replaced by lava, erasing all previous craters. Since then, volcanic activity has been virtually nonexistent, and craters have accumulated slowly and uniformly.

Model 2
Venus's surface is constantly and gradually renewed by ongoing, localized volcanic activity. Eruptions occur randomly in small patches across the surface, slowly erasing older craters while leaving others intact. This continuous equilibrium process maintains a young average surface age over time.

Based on these models, evaluate whether the following statement is true or false:

If planetary probes discover that volcanic plains across Venus have lava flows with ages ranging continuously from 50 million to 800 million years old, this data supports Model 1.

On a standard number line, points $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ have distinct integer coordinates $a$, $b$, $c$, and $d$, respectively, such that $a < b < c < d$. The distance between $A$ and $B$ is equal to the distance between $C$ and $D$. The distance between $B$ and $C$ is $\frac{2}{3}$ of the distance between $A$ and $B$. If the average (arithmetic mean) of the four coordinates is $0$ and $|a - d| = 24$, what is the coordinate of $B$?

### Methane on Mars

Two scientists debate the origin of methane ($\text{CH}_4$) detected in the atmosphere of Mars.

Scientist 1
Mars's atmospheric methane is produced by subsurface methanogenic microbes. Because ultraviolet (UV) radiation rapidly destroys atmospheric methane, an active biological source must exist. Microbial metabolic activity fluctuates with temperature. Consequently, atmospheric methane concentrations will vary seasonally, peaking in the warmer summer months and dropping significantly during winter. Furthermore, this biological process does not generate substantial amounts of molecular hydrogen ($\text{H}_2$).

Scientist 2
Martian methane is produced geologically through serpentinization, an abiotic reaction between liquid water, carbon dioxide, and olivine minerals in the subsurface. This geological reaction is continuous and unaffected by surface temperature changes. Therefore, methane release rates remain constant year-round. Additionally, serpentinization produces molecular hydrogen ($\text{H}_2$) as a primary byproduct alongside methane in equal proportions. Thus, areas with atmospheric methane should also exhibit elevated $\text{H}_2$ levels.

A space probe monitored the atmospheric composition at a crater on Mars over one Martian year. The seasonal average concentrations of methane and hydrogen are shown in the table below:

Based on the provided information, do the data in the table better support the viewpoint of Scientist 1 or Scientist 2?

Evaluate each of the following numerical expressions using the standard order of operations. Arrange the expressions in order of their simplified values from least to greatest.

The following passage is adapted from a biography of German naturalist Maria Sibylla Merian.

In 1699, Maria Sibylla Merian embarked on an unprecedented expedition to Suriname to study insect life. At the time, most European scholars believed that insects spontaneously generated from mud. Merian, however, meticulously documented the life cycles of butterflies and moths, producing vivid illustrations that shook the scientific community's understanding of metamorphosis.

Which choice best replaces the underlined word to most precisely and clearly convey that Merian's work fundamentally changed and advanced the scientific understanding of metamorphosis?

The passage below describes the history of the Eiffel Tower. Which forms of the verbs in parentheses correctly complete the passage while maintaining consistent and grammatically correct verb tenses?

By analyzing ice cores drilled from polar ice sheets, climatologists can reconstruct past atmospheric conditions. Each annual layer of ice, which is deposited on a yearly basis, contains trapped air bubbles that preserve ancient greenhouse gas levels.

Which of the following options is the most effective and concise choice for the underlined portion of the sentence?

During the Renaissance, the guild of Florentine artists operated under regulations that were largely independent from the direct control of the ruling Medici family.

Which of the following options correctly replaces the underlined portion to maintain the idiomatic standards of English?

The photographer wanted to capture the sunset over the lake, but she forgot to charge her camera battery.

Which choice is the best version of the underlined portion of the sentence?

During the early twentieth century, pioneering marine biologist Rachel Carson studied the delicate ecosystems of the Atlantic coast. She spent summers conducting research at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, there she gathered meticulous data on marine life, she eventually published these findings in her acclaimed book *Under the Sea-Wind*. Her poetic writing style and scientific accuracy helped bridge the gap between the scientific community and the general public.

Which of the following versions of the underlined portion is grammatically correct?

In December 1938, Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, a museum curator in South Africa, received a phone call from a local trawler captain who had docked with an unusual catch. When she arrived at the docks, she immediately noticed a strange, blue fish among the pile of sharks. Recognizing its significance, she brought the specimen to the museum and writes a letter to chemist J.L.B. Smith to help identify it.

Which choice most effectively maintains a consistent verb tense in the passage?

Early audio engineers recorded sound onto hollow wax cylinders, capturing the voices of historical figures. Having degraded over the last century, specialists now use optical scanners to play back the audio without touching the fragile wax. This technology ensures that these unique recordings are preserved for future generations.

Which of the following options is the best replacement for the underlined portion of the passage?

In 132 CE, the Chinese inventor Zhang Heng introduced the world's first seismoscope, a device designed to register earthquakes from afar. The bronze vessel featured eight dragons holding bronze balls in their mouths, ready to release them into the open mouths of waiting frogs below. When an earthquake occurred, the internal pendulum would swing and tell a dragon to drop a ball, indicating the direction of the seismic activity. Which choice best maintains the established tone of the passage?

During a physical education class, a student ran $\frac{1}{4}$ of a mile and walked $\frac{3}{5}$ of a mile. What total distance, in miles, did the student cover by running and walking?

### Origin of Earth's Water

How Earth acquired its water is a subject of ongoing debate among scientists. Three viewpoints propose different mechanisms for the origin of Earth’s oceans.

Viewpoint 1
Earth formed in the hot inner region of the protoplanetary disk, where temperatures were too high for water ice to condense. Consequently, the proto-Earth was initially completely dry. Earth's water was delivered much later, approximately $3.9\text{ billion}$ years ago, during the Late Heavy Bombardment. This water was brought by carbonaceous chondrite meteorites from the outer asteroid belt that migrated inward and collided with Earth.

Viewpoint 2
Earth formed from dust grains that already contained chemically bound water. During accretion, water-bearing silicate minerals in the warm inner solar system clumped together to form the planet. Rather than being dry, the early Earth trapped water deep within its mantle. Over millions of years, this water was released to the surface as water vapor through volcanic outgassing, eventually condensing to form the oceans.

Viewpoint 3
While Earth was initially dry, meteorites from the asteroid belt contain too little water to account for the current volume of the oceans. Instead, Earth's water was delivered after the planet's crust solidified by icy comets originating from the cold outer regions of the solar system beyond Neptune. These comets deposited water directly onto the surface during impact.

Based on Viewpoint 2, which of the following statements best describes how Earth acquired its water?