Tüm alıştırma soruları

A researcher studying bacterial bioluminescence (*Vibrio fischeri*) sets up four separate culture tubes to evaluate light output under various conditions. Match each experimental setup (left) with its corresponding role or baseline condition in the study (right).

A mountain zipline course consists of two connected ascending sections. The first section starts at base station $A$ and rises to intermediate platform $B$ at an angle of $30^\circ$ relative to the horizontal ground, covering a horizontal distance of $40\sqrt{3}$ meters. The second section rises from platform $B$ to peak platform $C$ at an angle of $45^\circ$ relative to the horizontal, covering a horizontal distance of $30$ meters. What is the total vertical height, in meters, of peak platform $C$ above base station $A$?

In her decades-long survey of ancient agricultural terraces across the Andes, archaeologist Dr. Elena Rostova recorded every artifact with an unyielding rigor that frequently exasperated her colleagues. While her peers hurried to publish preliminary findings to secure research grants, Dr. Rostova insisted on double-checking every ceramic shard against historical soil samples. She refused to authorize any excavation report until every micro-stratigraphic layer had been cataloged three separate times. Her field notebooks contained thousands of dense, meticulously indexed cross-references, leaving no room for speculation or rushed inferences. Though critics occasionally accused her of moving too slowly, her uncompromising precision ultimately ensured that her published findings remained standard references for generations of researchers.

According to the passage, Dr. Elena Rostova approached her archaeological research with which of the following directly stated traits?

Materials engineers measured the electrical conductivity ($\sigma$, in $10^6\text{ S/m}$) of a copper-nickel alloy at various temperatures ($T$, in K). The measured values are recorded in the table below:

Based on the data, if the linear relationship between temperature and electrical conductivity continues beyond $700\text{ K}$, what is the predicted electrical conductivity of the alloy at $800\text{ K}$?

Researchers conducted a two-part investigation to evaluate the enzymatic degradation of polyethylene microplastics by a specialized bacterial strain (*Pseudomonas sp.*).

Experiment 1: Five identical culture flasks were filled with equal volumes of liquid mineral medium and $50.0\text{ mg}$ of standardized polyethylene film. Each flask was incubated at a different constant temperature ($20^\circ\text{C}$, $25^\circ\text{C}$, $30^\circ\text{C}$, $35^\circ\text{C}$, or $40^\circ\text{C}$) while maintaining a fixed agitation speed of $150\text{ rpm}$ and a constant $\text{pH}$ of $7.2$. After 14 days, the percentage mass loss of the polyethylene film was measured for each flask.

Experiment 2: Using the optimal incubation temperature identified in Experiment 1 ($35^\circ\text{C}$), five new flasks were prepared with identical initial media and $50.0\text{ mg}$ of polyethylene film. In this phase, the agitation speed was varied across the flasks ($50\text{ rpm}$, $100\text{ rpm}$, $150\text{ rpm}$, $200\text{ rpm}$, and $250\text{ rpm}$) while keeping temperature, $\text{pH}$, and incubation time constant. After 14 days, the percentage mass loss of the polyethylene film was measured.

Across both experiments, which of the following correctly categorizes the role of the $150\text{ rpm}$ agitation speed in Experiment 1 and the role of the percentage mass loss of polyethylene in Experiment 2?

Which of the following values represents the period, in radians, of the trigonometric function $f(x) = 3 \tan\left(\frac{2}{3}x - \frac{\pi}{6}\right) + 5$?

In a circle with center $O$, a sector has a central angle measuring $\frac{2\pi}{5}$ radians and an arc length of $6\pi$ centimeters. What is the area, in square centimeters, of the sector?

A researcher conducts an experiment to determine how the drop height of a steel sphere affects the depth of the crater it creates when dropped into a tray of fine sand. In each trial, the same 50-gram steel sphere is dropped vertically from heights of 25 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm into identical trays of dry sand, and the crater depth is measured immediately after impact. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

The following passage is adapted from an essay on late nineteenth-century astronomy and observational documentation:

In 1897, astronomer Dorothea Klumpke was appointed by the Paris Observatory to direct the Bureau of Measurements, a specialized division tasked with analyzing glass photographic plates for the ambitious Carte du Ciel international star-mapping project. Working alongside a team of female assistants, Klumpke systematically measured the positions and relative brightness of thousands of faint celestial bodies. Throughout her work, Klumpke observed that the delicate silver-halide photographic emulsion adhering to the glass plates was uniquely susceptible to atmospheric moisture. Specifically, when ambient laboratory humidity surpassed 65 percent, the emulsion softened and peeled, obscuring critical stellar data. To preserve these vital astronomical records, the observatory commissioned custom storage facilities, housing the plates inside zinc-lined cedar cabinets designed to maintain a stable, dry microclimate.

Statement: Based on the passage, the Paris Observatory housed the Carte du Ciel photographic plates in zinc-lined cedar cabinets to protect their photographic emulsion from deteriorating due to high atmospheric moisture levels.

A group of environmental scientists conducted a study to evaluate how varying concentrations of dissolved oxygen ($2\text{ mg/L}$, $4\text{ mg/L}$, $6\text{ mg/L}$, and $8\text{ mg/L}$) in aquatic tanks affect the average swimming speed of juvenile rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*). In each trial, the water temperature was maintained at $15^\circ\text{C}$, the tank volume was held at $100\text{ L}$, and the photoperiod was fixed at 12 hours of light per day. Which of the following best identifies the independent variable in this experiment?

Read the excerpt below regarding climate research. Which precise verb best completes the blank to describe how scientists systematically re-create past climate trends using physical evidence?

Passage A
For nearly half a century, reconstructive models of ancient Maya agricultural systems relied predominantly on palynological data—the analysis of fossilized pollen grains and microscopic organic debris extracted from sediment cores in lakes and wetlands across the Central Maya Lowlands. Early palynological surveys conducted near major archaeological settlement zones revealed a pronounced environmental transition occurring during the Early Preclassic period. Sediment strata dated to this era exhibited a marked decline in tree pollen from primary forest species, accompanied by a sudden, sustained surge in Zea mays (maize) pollen and micro-charcoal particles.

Environmental archaeologists interpreted this recurring tripartite signal as definitive empirical proof of widespread swidden, or slash-and-burn, cultivation. According to this traditional paradigm, Maya agriculturalists cleared primary rainforest plots, burned the felled vegetation to enrich the naturally thin tropical soils with nutrient-rich ash, cultivated crops for a brief period, and subsequently abandoned the fields to extended fallow periods. Because lowland tropical soils experience rapid nutrient depletion under continuous cultivation, researchers reasoned that swidden agriculture imposed strict ecological limits on regional population density. The structural necessity of maintaining vast tracts of fallow forest to allow soil recovery implied that ancient Maya settlements were dispersed, decentralized, and inherently constrained by the low carrying capacity of shifting cultivation. Consequently, the established academic consensus categorized Maya land use as essentially extensive, viewing environmental modification as a transient, repeating cycle of clearing and abandonment rather than a permanent engineering of the landscape.

Passage B
The introduction of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing technology has fundamentally transformed archaeological understanding of ancient Maya environmental management. By projecting millions of infrared laser pulses per second through the dense tropical forest canopy, LiDAR generates high-resolution digital elevation models that effectively remove vegetation cover to reveal long-hidden surface micro-topography. Recent multi-institutional LiDAR mapping projects covering thousands of square kilometers across the Guatemalan Lowlands have uncovered vast, previously undetected agricultural features extending continuously between urban epicenters.

These spatial surveys reveal tens of thousands of hectares of sculpted landscape modifications, including continuous stone terracing on steep hillsides, massive retaining walls, and intricate networks of raised fields bounded by multi-tiered canal systems carved through seasonal wetlands. The physical scale of these features demonstrates that Maya agricultural production was significantly more intensive, spatially continuous, and labor-capitalized than traditional swidden models proposed. Rather than relying primarily on shifting, temporary clearings, Maya communities systematically re-engineered entire watersheds to control soil erosion, regulate seasonal water abundance, and sustain continuous, multi-season harvesting. Crucially, these structural findings do not invalidate earlier micro-botanical evidence, but rather provide a macro-spatial framework for interpreting it: while early settlement phases undoubtedly utilized slash-and-burn clearing, growing populations catalyzed a transition into permanent, highly engineered infrastructure that reshaped the tropical ecosystem into a managed anthropogenic landscape.

Which of the following statements best synthesizes how the structural evidence presented in Passage B reinterprets the micro-botanical findings discussed in Passage A?

A student performed an experiment to measure the rate of photosynthesis in *Elodea* (an aquatic plant) by counting oxygen bubbles produced per minute under various light conditions. Four identical glass beakers were prepared with equal volumes of water and equal masses of *Elodea*:

- Setup 1: Exposed to a white light lamp at a distance of $20\text{ cm}$.
- Setup 2: Exposed to a blue light lamp at a distance of $20\text{ cm}$.
- Setup 3: Exposed to a red light lamp at a distance of $20\text{ cm}$.
- Setup 4: Placed inside a light-tight dark chamber with no light source.

Which setup served as the control group to establish a baseline rate of oxygen production in the absence of the test variable?

Read the following passage excerpt and answer the question below:

In his quiet study overlooking the courtyard, retired archivist Thomas Sterling cataloged ancient manuscripts with a meticulous habit that earned him the quiet respect of his colleagues. Unlike his peers, who often rushed through inventories to meet publication deadlines, Sterling examined every vellum leaf with painstaking care, documenting minute variations in ink composition and binding stitches. Visitors to the archive frequently noted his solitary routine and complete indifference to academic accolades, observing that he worked solely out of an intense devotion to textual preservation. Even when offered prestigious appointments at larger university libraries, Sterling steadfastly refused to leave his small collection, demonstrating an unwavering contentment with his modest surroundings.

Based on the passage, Thomas Sterling is directly described as possessing which of the following traits regarding public recognition and professional status?

A drone begins at point $P$ and flies directly north for $24$ meters to point $Q$. It then turns directly east and flies for $10$ meters to point $R$. From point $R$, the drone flies along a straight path directed $45^\circ$ south of east until it reaches point $S$, which lies directly east of starting point $P$. What is the distance, in meters, from point $P$ to point $S$?

Quadrilateral $ABCD$ has vertices $A(-2, 1)$, $B(2, 4)$, $C(5, 0)$, and $D(1, -3)$ in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane. What is the area, in square units, of quadrilateral $ABCD$?

Read the following passage carefully:

Long before Dr. Hélène Laurent published her definitive analysis of Lake Vostok sediment cores in 2018, her research team faced years of technical and logistical challenges. In 2005, initial seismic surveys revealed a thermal anomaly beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, prompting an international consortium to authorize exploratory drilling. However, physical core extraction did not commence until five years later, following two years devoted entirely to engineering specialized hot-water drills. In mid-2014, while preliminary geochemical scanning was underway in her Geneva laboratory, Laurent unearthed an uncataloged 1999 survey log from an earlier Soviet expedition. This archival discovery prompted her to re-evaluate the sediment depth calculations she had presented at the Oslo Climatology Symposium just two months prior to finding the log. Re-analyzing the core samples with calibrated isotopic sensors in late 2015 finally confirmed pre-glacial organic markers, supplying the crucial evidence needed for her eventual publication.

According to the passage, which of the following events occurred FIRST chronologically?

Biochemical engineers investigated the enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics using a newly isolated bacterial hydrolase.

Study 1
Four identical $250\text{ mL}$ reaction flasks were prepared, each containing $100\text{ mL}$ of a $50\text{ mg/L}$ PET microplastic suspension buffered at $\text{pH } 7.5$. To each flask, $0.10\text{ mg/mL}$ of hydrolase was added. The flasks were incubated for 24 hours at constant temperatures of $25^\circ\text{C}$, $35^\circ\text{C}$, $45^\circ\text{C}$, and $55^\circ\text{C}$, respectively, while continuously stirred at $200\text{ rpm}$. At the end of the 24-hour period, the mass loss of PET (in $\text{mg}$) in each flask was recorded.

Study 2
The procedure of Study 1 was repeated at a constant temperature of $45^\circ\text{C}$, but the enzyme concentration was varied across the four flasks ($0.05\text{ mg/mL}$, $0.10\text{ mg/mL}$, $0.15\text{ mg/mL}$, and $0.20\text{ mg/mL}$). PET mass loss was again measured after 24 hours.

In Study 1, which of the following correctly identifies the independent variable and the dependent variable?

Match each trigonometric function on the left with its correct combination of amplitude and period on the right.

A geochemist designed an experiment to evaluate the adsorption capacity of engineered biochar for lead ($Pb^{2+}$) ions in contaminated synthetic groundwater. In a series of experimental trials, the researcher systematically set the solution pH to different specific levels ($4.0$, $6.0$, and $8.0$) to observe its direct effect on heavy metal removal. After a $24$-hour equilibrium period, the scientist measured the final concentration of adsorbed $Pb^{2+}$ ions remaining on the biochar surface. Throughout all trials, the initial $Pb^{2+}$ concentration ($50\text{ mg/L}$), mass of biochar ($0.50\text{ g}$), vessel volume ($100\text{ mL}$), ambient temperature ($25^\circ\text{C}$), and agitation speed ($150\text{ rpm}$) were held strictly constant.

Match each experimental component listed on the left with its correct variable classification on the right.