Tüm alıştırma soruları

The following passage is an excerpt from an essay on archaeological discoveries.

For decades, scholars believed that the clay tablets discovered at the ancient palace of Knossos were written in an indigenous, non-Greek tongue. However, in 1952, Michael Ventris proved this assumption wrong. Deciphering the Knossos tablets required Ventris to cross-reference thousands of character combinations—a process made significantly more difficult by the damaged state of the clay, and to construct a grid of grammatical relationships. Ultimately, his work revealed that the script, known as Linear B, was an early form of Greek.

Which of the following choices is the best version of the underlined portion of the sentence?

Sequoyah’s System

[1]
In the early nineteenth century, a Cherokee silversmith named Sequoyah became convinced that written language was the key to his people’s political and cultural survival. Watching European settlers communicate across great distances using what he termed "talking leaves"—written pages—Sequoyah resolved to create a writing system for the Cherokee language. Despite having no formal education and speaking no English, he began his work around $1809$.

[2]
Initially, Sequoyah attempted to create a unique pictographic symbol for every word in the Cherokee language. This approach quickly proved unmanageable, as he amassed thousands of drawings that were too complex for others to memorize. Realizing the limitation of this method, he shifted his strategy. Instead of representing whole words, he began listening to the individual sounds that made up Cherokee words, dividing the spoken language into distinct syllables.

[3]
By $1821$, Sequoyah had completed a syllabary consisting of $86$ characters, which represented all the vocal sounds of the Cherokee language. Some characters resembled English letters, Greek symbols, or Hebrew numerals, though he assigned them entirely different phonetic values. The system was remarkably intuitive; unlike English, which requires years to master, a Cherokee speaker could learn to read and write using Sequoyah’s syllabary in just a few weeks. Within a decade, the Cherokee Nation established a bilingual newspaper, the *Cherokee Phoenix*, and achieved a literacy rate higher than that of neighboring white settlers.

Suppose the writer's goal had been to write an essay that documents the challenges and eventual success of creating a phonetic writing system for a previously unwritten Native American language. Would this essay fulfill that goal?

The writer is considering adding the following sentence to the passage (placed after Sentence 3):

"Darwin, in particular, was deeply concerned that Kelvin's timeline did not allow enough time for natural selection to produce the Earth's diverse life forms."

Should the writer make this addition?

[1] In the mid-nineteenth century, the physicist Lord Kelvin attempted to calculate the age of the Earth by measuring its geothermal heat loss. [2] Assuming the Earth began as a molten sphere and had been cooling steadily, Kelvin estimated its age to be between 20 and 400 million years. [3] While this calculation was far longer than the biblical timeline accepted by many at the time, it was hotly contested by geologists and biologists, who argued that evolutionary and geological processes required billions of years. [4] Kelvin's calculations, though mathematically rigorous, were ultimately flawed because he was unaware of radioactivity, which releases heat within the Earth's interior and delays cooling. [5] The discovery of radioactive decay by Henri Becquerel in 1896 eventually provided the key to accurately dating the planet at 4.5 billion years.

[1] Restoring centuries-old oil paintings requires removing layers of accumulated dirt and discolored varnish without damaging the delicate paint underneath. [2] Historically, conservators relied on chemical solvents, which were difficult to control and could permanently dissolve the original pigment. [3] Today, many restoration experts are turning to laser ablation, a technique that uses short pulses of light to vaporize surface grime. [4] This method is highly precise; by adjusting the laser's wavelength, conservators can target specific foreign substances while leaving the paint intact. [5] The chemical composition of historical oil paints varied significantly depending on the region and the decade in which the artist worked. [6] Consequently, this advanced technology allows masterpieces to be cleaned with unprecedented safety, preserving the artist's original vision.

The writer is considering deleting Sentence 5 from the passage. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

Architect Frank Lloyd Wright spent his career challenging the European styles that dominated American design in the late nineteenth century. Instead of imposing rigid, classical structures onto the landscape, he championed the idea that a building should exist in harmony with its site, it was a philosophy he called 'organic architecture.' By integrating local materials and horizontal lines, Wright sought to make each home feel like a natural extension of its environment.

Which of the following choices best punctuates the underlined portion of the sentence?

In the early twentieth century, a new musical style emerged in the vibrant neighborhoods of New Orleans. The musicians who performed in early jazz brass bands, which were popular in New Orleans often relied on improvisation rather than written sheet music. This innovative approach helped popularize the genre across the nation.

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion is grammatically correct?

Clear Vision: Mary Anderson's Windshield Wiper

In the winter of 1902, Mary Anderson, a real estate developer and rancher from Alabama, visited New York City. While riding a streetcar on a snowy day, she observed that the motorman had to drive with the front window panes open, or periodically stop the streetcar to wipe snow and sleet off the windshield by hand. This not only delayed the journey but also exposed both the driver and the passengers to the freezing cold. Anderson immediately began sketching a solution.

Upon returning to Alabama, Anderson designed a manually operated device consisting of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a rubber blade on the outside of the windshield. The lever allowed the driver to wipe the window without opening it. She was granted a patent for her invention in 1903, which she called a "window cleaning device." However, when she attempted to sell the rights to her invention to several manufacturing firms, including a prominent Canadian company, they rejected it, believing that the device had no commercial value and would distract drivers.

Anderson’s patent expired in 1920, just as the automotive industry began to boom. Shortly thereafter, Cadillac became the first car manufacturer to adopt the windshield wiper as standard equipment, based closely on Anderson's design. Although she never received financial compensation for her invention, Mary Anderson is now recognized as the visionary who made driving in inclement weather safe and practical.

***

Suppose the writer's goal had been to write an essay that chronicles how Mary Anderson's invention of the windshield wiper eventually brought her great wealth and commercial success during her lifetime. Is it true or false that the essay successfully fulfills this goal?

Although the cast members practiced their lines diligently, the production's two directors' primary concern was it's pacing, which remained inconsistent.

Which of the following choices is the best replacement for the underlined portion?

The museum houses thousands of historical artifacts from ancient civilizations. The obsidian [underline]blade, which was discovered in a volcanic region, is[/underline] the collection's highlight. Archaeologists believe it was used in royal ceremonies.

Which of the following is the best version of the underlined portion of the sentence?

Passage Excerpt:

For centuries, scientists have marveled at the durability of ancient Roman concrete, which has survived for two millennia in harsh marine environments. Recently, researchers discovered that the Romans used a hot-mixing method, leaving small, white mineral fragments known as 'lime clasts' throughout the material. Previously, these lime clasts were once dismissed as a sign of poor mixing.

Prompt:

Given that all the choices are true, which choice most effectively highlights the active, self-healing role that lime clasts play in maintaining the structural integrity of Roman concrete over time?

The following paragraphs are from an essay about the discovery of the coelacanth. In what order should these paragraphs be arranged to create the most logical and cohesive transition of ideas?

In the seventeenth century, Artemisia Gentileschi overcame significant barriers to become one of the most celebrated painters of the Baroque era. Her masterpiece , a dramatic rendering of Judith slaying Holofernes, showcases her brilliant use of intense light and shadow. Today, art historians recognize this work as a defining achievement of seventeenth-century art.

Which choice best punctuates the underlined portion of the passage?

When designing a modern skyscraper, architects must consider several environmental factors: wind resistance, solar heat gain, and seismic activity.

Which choice best punctuates the underlined portion of the sentence?

In 1783, the Montgolfier brothers, Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne, made history by launching the first passenger-carrying hot air balloon in Versailles, France. The balloon, constructed of paper and silk, carried a sheep, a duck, and a rooster to test the safety of flight in the upper atmosphere. Versailles, famous for its grand palace, had served as the seat of French political power since 1682. The successful eight-minute flight proved that living creatures could survive the ascent, paving the way for the first human balloonists later that year.

The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

Deep inside a sandstone mountain on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen lies the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, therefore, it is designed to safeguard the world's crop diversity against future disasters.

Which of the following is the best replacement for the underlined portion of the sentence?

Passage Excerpt:

Before the invention of radar, the British military constructed acoustic mirrors along the Kent coast to detect the drone of approaching enemy aircraft. [Sentence] These monolithic structures functioned like giant ears, reflecting sound waves onto a central microphone. However, the rapidly increasing speed of modern aircraft in the late 1930s soon rendered this network obsolete.

Which choice most effectively emphasizes the immense scale and distinctive geometry of the acoustic mirrors, highlighting their visual impact on the coastline?

For decades, forestry researchers focused on the competitive dynamics of trees, assuming that individual plants competed fiercely for resources like light and water. Under this traditional model, the forest was viewed as a collection of isolated combatants, each striving to outgrow its neighbors.

[1] ____________________________. Known as mycorrhizal networks, these underground webs of fungal threads connect the root systems of different trees. Through these connections, trees can share carbon, nutrients, and even warning signals. For instance, an older "mother tree" can channel sugars to a shaded seedling, demonstrating a level of mutual aid that challenges older, purely competitive models of ecology.

Which choice provides the most effective transition from the preceding paragraph?

The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about ancient maritime navigation. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that navigators could locate islands using ocean swells, what is the most logical order for these sentences?

Passage excerpt:

Deep in the forests of Japan's Echizen province, master papermakers continue to practice the ancient art of crafting washi. During the coldest months of winter, artisans stand in freezing mountain streams to wash the raw mulberry fibers, which are then beaten on stone slabs, ________.

The writer wants to choose a phrase that most effectively contrasts the grueling physical labor of the papermaking process with the delicate, refined quality of the finished product. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

Chef Marcus Samuelsson is known for fusing diverse culinary traditions to create unique dishes. In his signature restaurant, he blends ingredients from his Swedish upbringing with flavors from East Africa. [1]

The writer wants to add a sentence at point [1] that provides a specific example of a dish that represents this fusion of Swedish and East African cultures. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?