Tüm alıştırma soruları

The following is an excerpt from an essay about North African paleoclimate.

[1]
__________________________________________________ Archaeological excavations in the region have uncovered remains of hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and aquatic plants, alongside ancient fishing tools and pastoral rock art depicting long-horned cattle. These discoveries indicate that between $11,000$ and $5,000$ years ago, a massive lake system—including a "Mega-Chad" that stretched across $350,000$ square kilometers—supported diverse ecosystems. Furthermore, fossilized pollen reveals that Mediterranean vegetation, such as oaks and wild olives, once flourished where sand dunes now drift.

[2]
This dramatic ecological shift was primarily driven by gradual variations in the Earth's orbit, known as Milankovitch cycles. These orbital changes altered the distribution of solar energy, intensifying the West African monsoon and drawing moisture-laden winds deep into the continent's interior. When the orbit shifted back, the monsoon weakened, triggering a rapid feedback loop between declining vegetation and rising surface reflectivity that ultimately reclaimed the landscape for the desert.

Which choice provides the most effective introduction to the passage by establishing its central focus?

To maximize crop yields in urban areas, vertical farms rely on sophisticated automated systems: LED lighting, nutrient-rich mist, and climate sensors.

Which of the following choices best punctuates the underlined portion of the sentence?

The Phonautograph's Silent Legacy

[1]
__________________________________________________ Scott's device utilized a horn to focus sound waves onto a flexible diaphragm, which was connected to a stylus that etched visual waveforms onto soot-coated paper or glass. Crucially, the phonautograph lacked any mechanism to play back the recorded sound; Scott intended for these visual tracings, or "phonautograms," to be deciphered and read by eye. It was not until 2008 that researchers successfully used digital imaging technology to play back Scott's 1860 recording of the French folk song "Au Clair de la Lune," revealing the oldest recorded human voice in history.

Which of the following choices, if inserted into the blank at the beginning of the passage, would provide the most effective introduction to the passage as a whole?

During the early nineteenth century, Mary Anning patrolled the crumbling cliffs of Lyme Regis, England, uncovering fossils that would reshape scientific understanding of prehistoric life. Despite her lack of formal education and the societal barriers she faced as a working-class woman, Anning’s sharp observations led to the discovery of the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton and a remarkable plesiosaur. Her findings provided crucial evidence for the controversial theory of extinction, challenging the prevailing belief that the natural world had remained unchanged since creation. [1]

The writer wants to end the paragraph with a sentence that emphasizes the lasting impact of Anning's discoveries on the field of science. Given that all the options are true, which choice best accomplishes this goal at the marker [1]?

The following paragraphs are from an essay about the history of the typewriter. To make the passage most logical and cohesive, arrange the paragraphs in the correct sequence.

Early mariners relied on the astrolabe, a handheld instrument that calculated latitude by measuring the sun's angle. Navigators who sailed across the Atlantic, which could be unpredictable used the device to chart their courses. By the sixteenth century, this tool had transformed maritime exploration.

Which choice is the correct punctuation for the underlined portion of the passage?

The following paragraphs are from an essay about eighteenth-century navigation.

[1]
For centuries, sailors navigated the open seas by measuring the angles of the sun and stars to determine their latitude, but calculating longitude remained a deadly puzzle. Without a reliable way to know their east-west position, ships frequently drifted off course, leading to disastrous shipwrecks and costly delays. Desperate for a solution, the British Parliament passed the Longitude Act of 1714, promising a fortune to anyone who could solve the problem.

[2]
____________________ Harrison, a self-educated clockmaker from Yorkshire, believed the key lay in precision timekeeping rather than stargazing. While astronomers searched the night sky for celestial patterns, Harrison spent decades constructing highly accurate clocks that could withstand the motion and temperature changes of a sea voyage, ultimately creating the marine chronometer.

Which choice provides the most effective transition from the preceding paragraph to the paragraph that follows?

In 1964, radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected a persistent background hiss that they could not explain, they initially suspected that the noise was caused by nesting pigeons. However, even after cleaning the antenna, the signal remained. This mysterious hum was actually the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the remnant heat of the Big Bang.

Which of the following is the best choice for the underlined portion of the passage?

In 1977, oceanographers exploring the Pacific Ocean made a startling discovery: deep-sea hydrothermal vents spewing mineral-rich water. Prior to this expedition, scientists believed that all life on Earth depended on sunlight for energy. [1] Consequently, these vents supported thriving communities of organisms that lived in complete darkness.

Which choice provides the most logical transition between the two sentences?

[1] Granville Woods, a nineteenth-century inventor, made significant contributions to the safety and efficiency of the American railroad system. [2] His most notable creation was the induction telegraph, which allowed moving trains to communicate with dispatchers and other trains. [3] Prior to this invention, communication was extremely difficult and slow. [4] By sending messages through magnetic fields, the device prevented countless accidents and kept schedules running smoothly.

The writer wants to revise Sentence 3 to support the claim that the induction telegraph was a vital safety improvement for railroads. Given that all the choices are true, which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?

[1] ____________________. [2] In 2009, chemist Mas Subramanian and his team at Oregon State University were researching materials with novel electronic properties. [3] They mixed black manganese oxide with other chemicals and heated them to nearly 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. [4] To their astonishment, one of the samples emerged from the furnace as a brilliant, intense blue. [5] Named YInMn Blue after its constituent elements—yttrium, indium, and manganese—this pigment was the first new inorganic blue discovered in over two hundred years.

YInMn Blue possesses remarkable structural qualities that make it highly useful. The pigment's crystal structure allows it to reflect infrared light, keeping surfaces cool when painted with it. Furthermore, it is exceptionally durable, safe to produce, and resistant to fading, unlike historical pigments like Prussian blue or ultramarine.

The writer is considering beginning the passage with one of the following sentences. Which choice most effectively introduces the main topic of the passage?

William Henry Perkin and the Dawn of Synthetic Chemistry

In 1856, eighteen-year-old chemist William Henry Perkin was attempting to synthesize quinine, a valuable treatment for malaria, in his home laboratory. Instead of obtaining the clear drug, his experiments resulted in a dark, sludge-like residue. Rather than discarding the failed mixture, Perkin investigated further and discovered that rinsing the sludge with alcohol produced a vibrant purple solution. This accidental substance was mauveine, the world’s first synthetic aniline dye. Prior to Perkin’s breakthrough, purple dye had to be painstakingly harvested from thousands of Mediterranean sea snails, making purple clothing a luxury reserved strictly for royalty and the ultra-wealthy. [1]

He patented the manufacturing process and established a factory to mass-produce the dye, effectively launching the modern chemical industry. Demand soared as European royalty, including Queen Victoria, began wearing mauve garments. By turning a laboratory mishap into a global enterprise, Perkin transformed both the fashion world and the field of industrial chemistry.

Given that all the choices are true, which choice, if inserted at [1], provides the most logical and effective transition from the first paragraph to the second paragraph?

The following is an excerpt from an essay about Sequoyah's creation of the Cherokee syllabary.

In the early nineteenth century, a Cherokee silversmith named Sequoyah became convinced that written language was the key to his people's independence. Despite widespread skepticism from his neighbors, who believed writing was a form of sorcery, Sequoyah began experimenting with symbols. He initially tried to create a unique pictogram for every word in the Cherokee language, but he soon realized that memorizing thousands of drawings was impractical.

[1] __________________________________________________ [2] By listening closely to spoken Cherokee, Sequoyah identified eighty-five distinct syllables that made up the entire language. [3] He then assigned a specific character to each syllable, adapting some letters from the English alphabet and inventing others. [4] Within months of introducing this new syllabary in 1821, thousands of Cherokee people learned to read and write, leading to the creation of the Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native American newspaper published in both Cherokee and English.

Which of the following choices, if inserted at underline [1], provides the most effective introduction to the second paragraph?

The following paragraphs describe the historical evolution of chocolate. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.

When chief engineer Washington Roebling became bedridden with decompression sickness during the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, his wife, Emily Warren Roebling, stepped in to facilitate communication between her husband and the construction site. She began by taking detailed notes, delivering messages, and representing him at official gatherings. Over the next decade, Emily studied higher mathematics, civil engineering, and cable construction, effectively managing the daily operations of one of the nineteenth century's greatest engineering feats.

Upon the bridge's grand opening in 1883, Emily was the first person to cross it by carriage, carrying a rooster as a symbol of victory. Today, a plaque on the bridge honors her, noting that back of every great work we can find the self-sacrificing devotion of a woman. _________

Which of the following concluding sentences best wraps up the passage while emphasizing Emily Roebling's key contribution to the bridge's completion?

[1] For decades, art historians believed that the vibrant blue pigment in Johannes Vermeer’s paintings was derived exclusively from ultramarine, a costly paint made from crushed lapis lazuli. [2] Vermeer's lavish use of this expensive material contributed significantly to the chronic debt that plagued his family. [3] However, recent chemical analysis of several canvases, including Girl with a Pearl Earring, reveals a more calculating reality: Vermeer frequently blended ultramarine with smalt, a cheaper pigment made from ground cobalt glass. [4] This blending technique allowed him to achieve his signature luminous glazes without depleting his scarce resources. [5] By layering the cheaper smalt underneath a thin topcoat of pure ultramarine, Vermeer created the optical illusion of deep, costly blue while conserving his precious supply of lapis lazuli.

The writer is considering adding the following sentence to the paragraph:

"Lapis lazuli was imported to Europe primarily from mines in northeastern Afghanistan, making the mineral more valuable than gold at the time."

Should the writer make this addition?

Many forest trees communicate and share resources with one another using underground networks of fungal threads called mycelium. However, a mature tree can transfer sugar, water, and essential nutrients to a struggling sapling nearby.

Which choice best replaces the underlined word to provide the most logical transition between the two sentences?

To survive in nutrient-poor bogs, the Venus flytrap relies on a highly specialized trapping mechanism consisting of; sensitive trigger hairs that detect movement, rapid leaf closure, and digestive enzymes.

Which of the following options correctly punctuates the underlined portion of the sentence?

The following paragraphs are from an essay about ecologist Robert Paine's research. To make the essay most logical, in what order should the paragraphs be arranged?

For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order.