Read the following excerpt from a report by George E. Haynes, Director of Negro Economics in the U.S. Department of Labor, published in 1919:
"The migration of Negroes from the South has been due to both economic and social causes... The social causes are the lack of educational facilities for Negro children in the South, the unfair treatment in the courts, and the insecurity of life and property... But the immediate, overriding impulse that set the migration in motion was the sudden opening of the industrial gates in the North."
Based on the excerpt and your knowledge of African American history, which of the following statements best analyzes the relationship between the push and pull factors that drove the Great Migration?
- While Southern racial violence and agricultural depression created a baseline of discontent, it was the Northern industrial labor shortage resulting from World War I that served as the critical catalyst for mass migration.Cevap
- BThe migration was driven almost exclusively by Southern agricultural disasters like the boll weevil infestation, whereas Northern industrial centers remained hostile to Black labor and did not actively pull migrants northward.
- CMigrants were pulled northward primarily by the federal government's guarantee of integrated urban housing and equal wages, which offset the relatively stable social and legal conditions they left behind in the South.
- DSouthern municipal governments actively encouraged the migration as a method to reduce labor surpluses, thereby transforming Southern economic policy into the primary pull factor drawing African Americans to Midwestern cities.
Cevap
While Southern racial violence and agricultural depression created a baseline of discontent, it was the Northern industrial labor shortage resulting from World War I that served as the critical catalyst for mass migration.
The correct answer accurately identifies that while Southern racial violence and agricultural depression created a baseline of discontent, it was the Northern industrial labor shortage resulting from World War I that served as the critical catalyst for mass migration. The Great Migration was driven by an intersection of push factors (such as Jim Crow laws, racial terror, and agricultural crises) and pull factors (such as wartime industrial jobs and the advocacy of the Black press). While push factors had existed for decades, the outbreak of World War I created a severe industrial labor shortage in the North due to the halt in European immigration, opening up jobs for African American workers and serving as the immediate catalyst for the mass movement.
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The relationship between push and pull factors during the Great Migration
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