Period 7: 1890–1945

Read the excerpt below.

"Whereas it is the policy of the United States to encourage full participation in the national defense program by all citizens of the United States, regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin... I do hereby declare that it is the duty of employers and of labor organizations, in defense industries and in the Government, to provide for the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries, without discrimination..."
— Executive Order 8802, June 1941

The policy declared in the excerpt was most directly a response to which of the following?

The image described below is a federal government poster from 1918 during World War I:

[Description of Poster: A dark, menacing figure of a German soldier with a pointed helmet and blood-stained hands stands over a burning landscape in Europe, looking across the Atlantic Ocean. Text at the bottom reads: 'Beat back the Hun with Liberty Bonds.']

Which of the following was the primary purpose of posters like this one during World War I?

"First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;

Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;

Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them..."

— Joint Declaration of the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Atlantic Charter), August 1941

Which of the following developments in United States foreign policy during the mid-twentieth century is most directly reflected in the principles expressed in the excerpt?

Source: Jane Addams, *Twenty Years at Hull-House*, 1910

"The Social Settlement then is an effort to address the social and industrial problems which are forced upon us by the modern conditions of life. . . . It is an attempt to relieve, at the same time, the poverty of our cities, and the local issues that arise from a lack of social connection. . . . It is open to all, and is democratic in its layout and intent."

Which of the following developments during the Progressive Era most directly reflected the ideals expressed in the excerpt?

"We have learned that we cannot live alone, at peace; that our own well-being is dependent on the well-being of other nations far away. We have learned that we must live as men, and not as ostriches, nor as dogs in the manger. We have learned to be citizens of the world, members of the human community."

— President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fourth Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945

Which of the following postwar developments best reflects the realization of the foreign policy goals described in the excerpt?

"The treaty of peace with Spain is now before us... The question is... whether this country, which has been the great model of a republic of equal rights, of self-government, of constitutional liberty, shall now enter upon a career of empire, conquering and holding in subjection a people who have done us no wrong, who have a right to self-government, and who have not consented to our dominion."

— Senator George F. Hoar, Speech in the United States Senate, 1899

Based on the excerpt, Senator Hoar’s arguments most directly oppose which of the following foreign policy actions?

“We have fought for our liberty, we have helped to defeat the Spanish forces, and we believed that the United States, a nation founded on the consent of the governed, would respect our right to self-determination. Instead, we are met with a war of conquest, as the United States seeks to substitute its own authority for that of Spain.”
— Adapted from a statement by Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Philippine revolutionary forces, 1899

The perspective expressed in the excerpt was most directly a reaction to which of the following?

Source: Governor Hiram Johnson, Inaugural Address, California, 1911

"When, with entire sincerity, we accept the doctrine that the people are fit to rule, we can appreciate the initiative, the referendum, and the recall... The first step in our design, the restoration of the government to the people, is the designation of these instruments. By them, the electorate is placed in a position to perform the functions of government directly when their representatives fail, and to check and control them when they go astray."

The political reforms described in the excerpt were primarily intended to achieve which of the following?

Source: Alfred Thayer Mahan, *The Influence of Sea Power upon History*, 1890

'Having no foreign establishments, either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war, will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting places for them, where they can coal and refit, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea.'

The argument presented in the excerpt was most frequently used by late-nineteenth-century expansionists to support which of the following actions?

"Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of... Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single champion."

— President Woodrow Wilson, Address to Congress, April 2, 1917

Which of the following actions by the United States was a direct result of the situation described in the excerpt?

"The War Industries Board, as created and developed, had as its purpose the coordination of all the national resources, the stimulation of necessary industries, and the systematic conservation of all materials... It was a method of direct control over the industrial life of the nation."
— Bernard Baruch, Chairman of the War Industries Board, official report, 1921

Based on the excerpt, the operations of the War Industries Board most directly reflect which of the following developments on the United States home front during World War I?

Source: Lincoln Steffens, *The Shame of the Cities*, 1904

"The misgovernment of the American city is an old story. . . . The boss is not a politician; he is a business man. He does not run for office; he runs the officeholders. . . . The typical American citizen is the business man. The business man is a busy man; one of the characters of our reform movement is that the busy man has to make money. . . . [H]e leaves the administration of his city to the politicians, who in turn sell it to the utility companies, the transit syndicates, and the builders."

Which of the following reform efforts during the Progressive Era most directly addressed the specific municipal problems described by Steffens in the excerpt?

"We express our determination that our nations shall work together in war and in the peace that will follow. ... As to war—our military staffs have joined in our round table conferences, and we have concerted our plans for the destruction of the German forces. We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations to be undertaken from the east, west and south. The common understanding which we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours."

— Declaration of the Three Powers, Tehran Conference, December 1, 1943

The consensus reached in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following wartime developments?

"The Opposition tells us that we ought not to rule a people without their consent. I answer, The rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent... We govern our territories without their consent before they become states... Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, humane, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and banditti from which we have rescued them?"

— Albert J. Beveridge, speech, "The March of the Flag," 1898

Based on the excerpt, which of the following arguments did supporters of United States expansionism most frequently use to counter the anti-imperialist objection?

"Since Germany is the predominant member of the Axis Powers, the Atlantic and European Area is considered to be the decisive theatre. The principal United States military effort will be exerted in that theatre, and operations of United States forces in other theatres will be conducted to support this effort. ... The staff conference recommends that these conclusions be accepted as the guide for the preparation of detailed plans of joint action..."

— Joint Report of the American-British Staff Conversations (ABC-1), March 1941

Based on the excerpt, which of the following was the most direct military consequence of the policy described?

Source: David Graham Phillips, "The Treason of the Senate," *Cosmopolitan*, 1906

"The Senate is the eager, resourceful, indefatigable agent of interests as hostile to the American people as any invading army could be... It is the stronghold of the plutocracy, the barrier against democracy."

The political sentiments expressed in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following Progressive Era developments?

Source: Gifford Pinchot, *The Fight for Conservation*, 1910

"The first principle of conservation is development, the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now. There may be just as much waste in neglecting the development and use of certain natural resources as there is in their destruction by waste... The second principle is the prevention of waste... Conservation stands for prevention of loss when that loss can be prevented."

Which of the following Progressive Era policies is most directly aligned with the perspective expressed in the excerpt?

During the 1920s, the concentration of banking resources in urban centers masked a growing crisis in the nation's interior. Thousands of small, independent rural banks, heavily tied to agricultural real estate and local farm loans, folded long before the stock market crash of 1929. The failure of these institutions drained credit from rural communities, illustrating that the economic foundation of the decade was far more fragile than the booming stock market suggested.

Which of the following causes of the Great Depression is best illustrated by the conditions described in the excerpt?

"The extraordinary absorption of funds in speculative security loans, which has characterized the credit history of the last year or two, deserves immediate attention... The resources of the Federal Reserve System are given for the purpose of accommodating agriculture and commerce, and not for the purpose of facilitating the excessive use of credit for speculative purposes."
— Federal Reserve Board, statement on credit control, February 1929

Which of the following vulnerabilities in the United States economy of the late 1920s is most directly highlighted by the Federal Reserve's concern in the statement above?

"The automobile has become a portable bedroom. It has largely replaced the family parlor as the primary setting for courtship, removing young people from the direct supervision of parents and community guardians. What was once a family vehicle has become an instrument of individual freedom..."

— Report from a city juvenile court inspector, 1925

The social change described in the excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments during the 1920s?