Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Source: Excerpt from the Chinese Exclusion Act passed by the United States Congress, 1882.

"Whereas, in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof: Therefore, Be it enacted... That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come..."

Which of the following effects of global migration in the late nineteenth century is best illustrated by the excerpt?

"We, the sugarcane planters of the Hawaiian Islands, petition for a treaty of commercial reciprocity with the United States. Under this agreement, our sugar would enter American markets free of import duties, and in return, American manufactured goods would enter Hawaii duty-free. This arrangement will bind our island's economy to the United States and secure American capital for our plantations, ensuring our mutual prosperity."

—Petition of Hawaiian sugarcane planters to the United States government, 1874

The commercial agreement proposed in the petition is best understood as an example of which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

"The arrival of these people in large numbers has created a problem of the first magnitude. We are guarding the purity of our race and the standard of our labor. If we allow this uncontrolled influx from Asia, our democratic institutions will be undermined, and the wages of our working classes will be depressed. Therefore, this Parliament must establish strict literacy tests in European languages to restrict entry, ensuring that our nation remains unified in culture and heritage."
—Excerpt from a speech in the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1901

Which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the policy proposed in the speech most directly reacting to?

"We are pleased to hear that you have succeeded in engaging a number of Hill Coolies to proceed to British Guiana... Since the emancipation of the Negroes, our greatest difficulty has been to obtain steady and continuous labor. The Negroes, though free, work only when it suits them, and we cannot depend on them during the critical sugarcane harvest. The Coolies, being bound by contracts for five years, will provide the reliable labor force we desperately need to maintain our sugar production."

��� Letter from a British plantation owner in British Guiana to a labor recruitment agent in Calcutta, 1838

The labor recruitment strategy described in the letter was most directly a response to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

"The emergence of millenarian movements, such as the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa and the Ghost Dance in North America during the nineteenth century, represents a distinct form of indigenous resistance. Faced with the aggressive expansion of industrializing empires, land dispossession, and the destruction of traditional lifeways, indigenous societies often turned to spiritual and prophetic visions that promised supernatural intervention to restore cosmic and social order. Rather than simple acts of desperation, these movements served as powerful mechanisms for political mobilization, attempting to forge unified resistance across previously fractured communities by invoking shared cultural cosmologies against foreign domination."

Which of the following global processes during the nineteenth century best explains the emergence of the indigenous resistance movements described in the passage?

“The demand of the Western electrical and pneumatic tire industries has transformed the Malay Peninsula. Swamps and jungles are being rapidly cleared to make way for neat rows of Hevea brasiliensis [rubber trees]. Local subsistence rice farming is increasingly abandoned by native smallholders who seek the high cash returns of rubber, making the colony dangerously dependent on grain imports from Siam. Meanwhile, thousands of Tamil laborers from Southern India and Chinese coolies arrive monthly to work the British-owned estates under harsh indentured contracts.”
—Adapted from a British colonial administration report on the Federated Malay States, 1904

Based on the passage, the shift in Malay agricultural practices best illustrates which of the following global economic developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Source: Queen Victoria, Proclamation to the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India, November 1, 1858.

'We have resolved, and by these presents do declare, our royal will and pleasure to take upon ourselves the government of the territories in India, heretofore administered in trust for us by the Honourable East India Company. We call upon all our subjects within the said territories to be faithful, and to bear true allegiance to us, our heirs and successors... We hereby announce to the native princes of India, that all treaties and engagements made with them by or under the authority of the East India Company are by us accepted, and will be scrupulously maintained, and we look for the like observance on their part. We desire no extension of our present territorial possessions; and, while we will permit no aggression upon our dominions or our rights to be committed with impunity, we shall sanction no encroachment on those of others.'

The British Crown assumed direct control over India in 1858, dissolving the administrative power of the East India Company. Which of the following global developments in the nineteenth century best explains this political reorganization?

"Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races. . . . They have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races. . . . In the history of earlier centuries these duties, gentlemen, have often been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race. . . . But, in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with grandeur, with generosity, and with honesty, of this civilizing duty."
—Jules Ferry, French politician, speech before the Chamber of Deputies, 1884

Which of the following nineteenth-century rationales for imperialism is most directly reflected in Ferry's speech?

"History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race. If you want to know whether the lower races of man can be evolved into the higher, I answer that it can only be done by the path of struggle, by the selective action of a harsh environment, and by the elimination of those who do not conform to the new conditions."

—Karl Pearson, British mathematician and theorist, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

The arguments expressed in the passage were most directly used by late-nineteenth-century imperialists to justify which of the following?

An Italian economic observer, report on agricultural labor and emigration, 1896:

'Every year, as autumn approaches in Lombardy and the Veneto, thousands of our agricultural laborers board the steamships at Genoa bound for Buenos Aires. They do not cross the Atlantic to settle or to flee political oppression, but rather to harvest the wheat of the Argentine pampas, where labor is scarce and wages are three to four times higher than in Italy. Once the Argentine harvest is gathered in March, these same workers return to Italy in time for the spring planting. The modern steamship has turned the ocean into a bridge, allowing the laborer to exploit the seasonal differences of two hemispheres.'

The migration pattern described in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following developments?

Read the passage below and answer the question that follows.

"Some time ago a party of men came to my country, the principal one being named Rudd. They asked me for a place to dig for gold, and said they would give me certain things for the right, with which I, having to consult my advisors, agreed. They then asked me to sign a paper. I asked what was written on the paper, and they told me it was what we had agreed upon. I signed it. Some months after, I heard from other sources that in that paper I had given away all the mineral rights of my whole country... I write to you now so that you may know the truth, and that I have not given away my country in this manner."
— King Lobengula of the Ndebele, letter to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1889

Which of the following best explains how the method of colonial expansion described in the passage contributed to the consolidation of European state control in Africa?

The following passage is from a British parliamentary report on immigration to the colony of Mauritius, published in 1840:

'The immigrants are generally satisfied with their condition, but many complain of the high cost of provisions and the difficulty of returning to India. The demand for their labor on the sugar estates continues to be urgent, particularly since the total cessation of apprentice labor. Without a regular supply of these immigrants, the cultivation of sugar cane in this colony must have been entirely abandoned, as the liberated population refuses to engage in field labor on any terms.'

Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century best explains the migration pattern described in the passage?

"Samori's resistance is of a completely different character than that of the other chiefs we have encountered. He does not simply defend his villages; he moves his entire population, burns his own towns, and retreats into the interior, leaving us nothing but ashes and starvation. Moreover, his blacksmiths have succeeded in repairing and even replicating modern European repeating rifles, allowing his forces to combat our troops on more equal terms."
— French military report on campaigns in the Western Sudan, c. 1893

Which of the following best explains the ability of the Wassoulou Empire to sustain resistance against French expansion, as described in the passage?

Table: Peru's Guano Exports to Great Britain and the United States (in thousands of register tons)

Which of the following historical developments best explains the dramatic growth in the export of the commodity shown in the table between 1845 and 1870?

"Article VI. The subjects and citizens of all nations shall be permitted to trade freely in all parts of the territory of the chiefs parties hereto, subject to the payment of such duties as may be hereafter agreed upon.

Article VII. All disputes between the British merchants and the natives of the territory shall be referred to the arbitration of Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul, whose decision shall be final and binding."
— Treaty of Protection between Great Britain and the Chiefs of the Oil Rivers (Niger Delta), 1884

Which of the following best explains how the British actions described in the passage relate to global economic developments in the late nineteenth century?

"Since the opening of the treaty ports, the young and physically fit men of our district have increasingly crossed the seas to seek employment in foreign lands. Consequently, in many of our villages, households are now managed by women. These wives and mothers must not only raise the children and care for the elderly, but they also must cultivate the fields, manage the family’s financial affairs, and represent their households in village and lineage councils—duties that were traditionally reserved exclusively for men. Furthermore, the substantial remittances sent back by their husbands have enabled these women to acquire new land and hire local laborers, significantly altering the traditional socioeconomic hierarchy of the countryside."

—Local administrative gazetteer, Guangdong Province, southern China, late nineteenth century

The social developments described in the passage most directly reflect which of the following consequences of global migration in the nineteenth century?

Source: Excerpt from the Azamgarh Proclamation, published in India, 1857.

"It is well known to all, that in this age the people of Hindostan, both Hindoos and Mohammedans, are being ruined under the tyranny and oppression of the treacherous English. Under the English Government, the native artisans and manufacturers have been ruined by the importation of foreign machine-made goods, and the native merchants are reduced to poverty. Moreover, the English have introduced new cartridges greased with the fat of pigs and cows, which is a direct attack on our religions."

The rebellion that arose from the grievances described in the passage most directly resulted in which of the following developments?

"The Indian population now constitutes the majority of the inhabitants of this colony. While their labor has preserved our sugar estates from ruin following the abolition of slavery, their settlement has introduced new social complexities. The extreme disproportion of the sexes among the immigrants has led to frequent domestic disputes and social instability, while the tendency of those who have completed their industrial residence to acquire land and enter retail trade has excited the jealousy of the creole population and European merchants, who call for stricter vagrancy laws and restrictions on licenses."

— Report of the Protector of Immigrants in Mauritius, 1878

The social and economic tensions described in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following responses by colonial and national governments in host societies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

"Argentina has, by virtue of its financial dependency, the concessions granted to British railway companies, and the dominance of our merchant houses, become an integral part of the British Empire in all but name. We do not need to dispatch governors or maintain garrisons in Buenos Aires; our capital, our banks, and our managers exercise a sovereignty over the agricultural interior and the ports more absolute and far less costly than any formal political administration could enforce."
—Adapted from a report by a British consular official in Argentina to the Foreign Office, 1889

Which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century best explains the relationship described in the passage?

"In Cusco, I have resolved to abolish the mita, the repartimiento, and all other forms of ruinous tribute imposed by European Spaniards. Yet, let it be known that this struggle is not waged against the Holy Catholic Church or the legitimate authority of our Sovereign King in Madrid, but rather against the corrupt officials who violate the royal laws and oppress the native inhabitants."
—José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II), proclamation to the people of Peru, 1780

Which of the following best explains how the resistance movement described in the passage differed from later nineteenth-century indigenous resistance movements, such as the Ghost Dance in North America or the Xhosa Cattle-Killing movement in Southern Africa?