In electronics and solid-state physics, materials are fundamentally classified by the number of valence electrons in their outermost atomic shell and their conductivity characteristics. An element contains exactly four valence electrons in its outer shell, forming covalent bonds in a crystalline lattice that exhibits moderate resistivity at room temperature and increased conductivity as temperature rises. Which of the following substances possesses these specific atomic and electrical properties?
- ACopper
- SiliconCevap
- CMica
- DAluminum
Cevap
Silicon, because it is a semiconductor with four valence electrons in its outer shell and a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
Silicon is an elemental semiconductor belonging to Group IV of the periodic table, meaning each atom has four valence electrons. In a solid crystal lattice, these four electrons form covalent bonds with adjacent atoms. At room temperature, thermal excitation frees a small fraction of these electrons across the narrow energy gap into the conduction band, giving silicon an intermediate level of conductivity that increases as thermal energy rises.
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Anahtar Kavram
Semiconductor atomic structure and valence electron properties
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