Tüm alıştırma soruları

1987 soru

Tüm türler1,987 Çoktan seçmeli1,020 Çoklu seçim452 Sayısal18 Eşleştirme229 Sıralama203 Boşluk doldurma22 Kısa cevap43

A network administrator is transferring a Cisco IOS software image from a router to a central backup server using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). Which transport-layer protocol and default destination port are used by TFTP for this operation?

UDP port 69

TCP port 69

TCP port 21

UDP port 21

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: UDP port 69

Cevap

TFTP uses UDP as its transport-layer protocol and listens on default destination port 69.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is designed to operate over UDP using destination port 69 for basic, low-overhead file management operations.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the file transfer protocol specified in the question.

The scenario specifies Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).

Distinguishing between TFTP and standard FTP determines the underlying transport protocol and port number.

Determine the transport-layer protocol used by TFTP.

TFTP operates over UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

TFTP uses UDP to avoid the connection establishment overhead of TCP, implementing simple error recovery at the application layer.

Identify the standard well-known port number for TFTP.

TFTP uses port 69 as its standard UDP server port.

Port 69 is assigned by IANA for TFTP daemon communication.

Anahtar Kavram

TFTP Transport Layer Mechanics and Port Numbers

Soru 1782Soru →

Match each Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) mechanism or operational requirement on the left with its corresponding protocol characteristic or SNMP message type on the right.

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Unacknowledged notifications correspond to SNMP Trap; reliable notifications requiring acknowledgment correspond to SNMP Inform; authentication with encryption corresponds to SNMPv3 authPriv; sequential MIB traversal corresponds to SNMP GetNext.

Each SNMP concept is paired to its defining technical attribute: Traps are unacknowledged notifications (UDP 162), Informs provide explicit acknowledgment and retransmission, authPriv adds cryptographic encryption alongside authentication, and GetNext handles sequential MIB walking (UDP 161).

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze notification reliability types.

Unacknowledged messages sent to UDP port 162 are Traps, whereas acknowledged notifications are Informs.

Traps use best-effort UDP transport without application-layer confirmations, while Informs retransmit until an acknowledgment PDU is returned.

Evaluate SNMPv3 security levels.

The combination of authentication (auth) and privacy/encryption (priv) defines the authPriv security model.

noAuthNoPriv uses plain community-like checks, authNoPriv adds hashing without encryption, and authPriv adds payload encryption.

Identify MIB querying operational PDU types.

Retrieving the next lexicographical object instance in a MIB tree corresponds to the GetNext operation.

Get requests retrieve a specific OID instance, whereas GetNext accesses the subsequent entry, enabling MIB walk capabilities.

Anahtar Kavram

SNMP Operational Mechanics, Traps vs. Informs, and SNMPv3 Security Levels

Soru 1783Soru →

A network administrator is configuring Port Address Translation (PAT) on a Cisco IOS router to allow hosts on the private subnet $172.16.20.0/24$ to access the Internet using an IP NAT pool named `PAT_POOL` with the public address $198.51.100.10$ . Which TWO commands are required to successfully complete this dynamic PAT pool configuration?

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

ip nat inside source list 15 pool PAT_POOL overload

ip nat pool PAT_POOL 198.51.100.10 198.51.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.252

ip nat inside source list 15 pool PAT_POOL

access-list 15 permit 172.32.20.0 0.0.0.255

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: ip nat inside source list 15 pool PAT_POOL overload; ip nat pool PAT_POOL 198.51.100.10 198.51.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.252

Cevap

The configuration requires defining the dynamic IP NAT pool using `ip nat pool PAT_POOL 198.51.100.10 198.51.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.252` and referencing that pool in the NAT source translation statement with the `overload` keyword appended: `ip nat inside source list 15 pool PAT_POOL overload`.

Configuring PAT using a dynamic NAT pool requires defining the pool parameters via `ip nat pool <name> <start-ip> <end-ip> netmask <mask>` and linking an access list that identifies private traffic to that pool using `ip nat inside source list <acl> pool <name> overload`. The `overload` keyword enables multiplexing multiple internal sockets onto a single public address using port numbers.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Define the public NAT address pool

Configured `ip nat pool PAT_POOL 198.51.100.10 198.51.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.252` to specify the public IPv4 address available for outbound translation.

A pool must exist before dynamic NAT/PAT mapping rules can reference it by name.

Bind the access list to the pool with port overload enabled

Executed `ip nat inside source list 15 pool PAT_POOL overload`.

The `overload` keyword instructs Cisco IOS to perform Port Address Translation (PAT), allowing multiple inside private hosts to share the single pool address by tracking unique TCP/UDP port numbers.

Anahtar Kavram

Port Address Translation (PAT) Pool Configuration Syntax

Soru 1784Soru →

A network administrator is configuring redundant internet connectivity on an edge router. The primary ISP connection is reachable via next-hop IPv4 address $203.0.113.1$ , while a secondary backup ISP connection is reachable via next-hop IPv4 address $198.51.100.1$ . The administrator must configure a primary default static route and a floating backup default static route so that the backup link is utilized only when the primary link fails. Which TWO commands must be configured on the router to fulfill these requirements?

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.1

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.51.100.1 210

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.51.100.1

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.1 210

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.1; ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.51.100.1 210

Cevap

The router requires two default static routes: one primary route pointing to next-hop 203.0.113.1 using default administrative distance 1 ('ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.1'), and one floating static route pointing to next-hop 198.51.100.1 with an administrative distance higher than 1 ('ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.51.100.1 210').

To establish a primary default static route and a floating backup default static route, the primary path must be configured with a lower administrative distance (default is 1) pointing to 203.0.113.1, and the backup path must be configured with an administrative distance strictly higher than 1 (such as 210) pointing to 198.51.100.1. The router installs the route with the lower administrative distance into the routing table under normal operations. If the primary interface or path fails, the route with administrative distance 210 becomes active.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Define the primary default static route destination prefix and next-hop address.

Construct the command 'ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.1', which defaults to administrative distance 1.

Default static routes use prefix 0.0.0.0 and mask 0.0.0.0 to match any IPv4 destination not explicitly present in the routing table.

Configure the secondary floating default static route with a higher administrative distance.

Append an administrative distance value greater than 1 (such as 210) to the secondary next-hop command: 'ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.51.100.1 210'.

A floating static route remains inactive in the routing table until the lower administrative distance primary route disappears.

Anahtar Kavram

Floating Static Route Configuration and Administrative Distance

Soru 1785Soru →

Two Cisco routers are directly connected through an Ethernet switch on the 192.168.10.0/24 subnet and are currently operating in OSPFv2 Area 0 using default Ethernet interface settings. A network engineer enters the interface configuration mode on both routers and executes the command `ip ospf network point-to-point`. Which statement correctly describes the operational impact of this configuration change on the link?

OSPFv2 will suppress Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) elections while preserving neighbor adjacency.

OSPFv2 will automatically reset the interface priority to 0, causing both routers to enter the DROTHER operational state.

OSPFv2 neighbor adjacency will immediately drop due to a mismatch between default broadcast and point-to-point Hello and Dead timers.

OSPFv2 will continue electing a DR and BDR based on highest Router ID, but multicast traffic will be converted to unicast.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: OSPFv2 will suppress Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) elections while preserving neighbor adjacency.

Cevap

OSPFv2 will suppress Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) elections while preserving neighbor adjacency.

When an OSPF interface is explicitly configured as a point-to-point network type (`ip ospf network point-to-point`), OSPF recognizes that only two devices share the link. Consequently, Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) elections are bypassed, streamlining neighbor relationships while maintaining normal multicast OSPF communications and full adjacency.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify default OSPF network type behavior on Ethernet interfaces

By default, Ethernet interfaces operate as Broadcast multiaccess networks, requiring DR and BDR elections.

Broadcast networks use DR/BDR roles to minimize adjacency count and LSA flooding over multiaccess media.

Analyze the effect of configuring `ip ospf network point-to-point`

Changing the network type to point-to-point informs OSPF that exactly two routers are connected on the segment.

Since only two routers share the link, DR and BDR elections are unnecessary and are bypassed.

Verify timer compatibility between default broadcast and point-to-point network types

Both broadcast and point-to-point types use a 10-second Hello timer and a 40-second Dead timer.

Because timers match on both ends, neighbor adjacencies form and remain stable in the FULL state.

Anahtar Kavram

OSPFv2 Point-to-Point Network Type Characteristics and DR/BDR Elimination

Soru 1786Soru →

A network administrator intends to deploy a floating static route on router R1 as a backup path for the internal network $172.16.50.0/24$ . The primary path to this destination is currently learned through internal EIGRP (default Administrative Distance of $90$ ). During initial testing, the administrator notices that traffic destined for $172.16.50.0$ is immediately taking the static backup path across interface GigabitEthernet0/2, even though the primary EIGRP neighbor relationship remains active and healthy. Which two issues could cause the static route to be preferred over the active EIGRP route? (Select TWO.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

The administrator configured the floating static route with an Administrative Distance of

80

The static route was configured using a destination prefix of

172.16.50.0/25

instead of

172.16.50.0/24

The administrator configured the floating static route with an Administrative Distance of

130

The EIGRP composite metric for the primary path was higher than the default metric assigned to the static route.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The administrator configured the floating static route with an Administrative Distance of $80$ .; The static route was configured using a destination prefix of $172.16.50.0/25$ instead of $172.16.50.0/24$ .

Cevap

The static route is preferred over the primary EIGRP route if the static route was configured with an Administrative Distance of 80 (which is lower than EIGRP's default Administrative Distance of 90) or if the static route was configured with a more specific subnet mask of /25 (which takes precedence due to the Longest Prefix Match rule).

A floating static route functions as a backup path only when its Administrative Distance (AD) is strictly higher than that of the primary routing protocol (internal EIGRP default AD = 90). Configuring an AD of 80 causes the static route to preempt EIGRP. Additionally, routers prioritize routes based on Longest Prefix Match before AD; configuring a /25 route creates a more specific entry than the /24 EIGRP route, forcing traffic onto the static path.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Evaluate the role of Administrative Distance (AD) in route selection.

Cisco IOS routing tables prioritize routes with lower AD values. Internal EIGRP has a default AD of 90. If a static route is configured with AD 80, it overrides the EIGRP route.

Floating static routes must have an AD higher than the primary routing protocol to stay in standby mode.

Evaluate the forwarding decision order between Longest Prefix Match and AD.

Routers first match packets using the longest (most specific) network prefix mask. A /25 prefix is more specific than a /24 prefix.

If the destination mask is /25, the router selects that route prior to comparing AD against the /24 EIGRP route.

Anahtar Kavram

Floating Static Route Administration and Prefix Matching

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 1787Soru →

A network engineer is configuring a Cisco IOS router to relay DHCP requests from clients residing in VLAN 10 ( $192.168.10.0/24$ ) and VLAN 20 ( $192.168.20.0/24$ ) to a centralized DHCP server at $10.10.10.10$ located off uplink interface GigabitEthernet 0/1. Which two statements correctly describe the required interface configuration and relay agent behavior on the router?

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

The ip helper-address 10.10.10.10 command must be applied directly under subinterfaces GigabitEthernet 0/0.10 and GigabitEthernet 0/0.20.

The router replaces the incoming DHCP Discover broadcast with a unicast packet to 10.10.10.10 and inserts the subinterface IP address into the Gateway IP Address (giaddr) field.

The ip helper-address 10.10.10.10 command must be applied on the egress interface GigabitEthernet 0/1 facing the centralized server.

The router floods the original Layer 2 broadcast DHCP Discover frame unchanged across all active router interfaces to reach the server.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The ip helper-address 10.10.10.10 command must be applied directly under subinterfaces GigabitEthernet 0/0.10 and GigabitEthernet 0/0.20.; The router replaces the incoming DHCP Discover broadcast with a unicast packet to 10.10.10.10 and inserts the subinterface IP address into the Gateway IP Address (giaddr) field.

Cevap

The ip helper-address command must be configured on the incoming client-facing interfaces (GigabitEthernet 0/0.10 and GigabitEthernet 0/0.20), and the router converts the incoming DHCP broadcast into a unicast frame while inserting its local interface IP into the gateway IP address (giaddr) field.

DHCP relay agents must be configured on the interface receiving the client DHCP broadcast requests (the incoming subinterfaces for VLAN 10 and VLAN 20). When the router intercepts the broadcast DHCP Discover packet, it encapsulates the payload into a unicast IP packet destined for the configured helper address (10.10.10.10) and places the receiving interface IP address into the Relay Agent IP Address (giaddr) field so the DHCP server can identify the correct subnet pool.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify client ingress interfaces

DHCP clients broadcast on their local subinterfaces (GigabitEthernet 0/0.10 and GigabitEthernet 0/0.20).

The router must listen for UDP port 67 broadcast messages on the interfaces connected to the clients.

Apply helper address configuration

Configure 'ip helper-address 10.10.10.10' under GigabitEthernet 0/0.10 and GigabitEthernet 0/0.20.

This instructs Cisco IOS to intercept incoming DHCP broadcasts on those specific client segments.

Analyze Relay Agent packet transformation

Broadcast Discover packets are unicast to 10.10.10.10, and the giaddr field is populated with the subinterface's IP address.

The giaddr field tells the remote DHCP server which IP address pool scope to select from for lease assignment.

Anahtar Kavram

DHCP Relay Agent Operation and Configuration

Soru 1788Soru →

A network administrator is evaluating protocol mechanics between HSRPv2 and VRRPv3 for deployment across an enterprise distribution block. Which two operational statements regarding virtual IP assignment, multicast transport, and protocol behaviors are accurate? (Select two.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

VRRP permits the virtual IPv4 address to be identical to the physical IPv4 address assigned to the Master router's interface, whereas HSRP requires the virtual IP address to be unique and distinct from any physical IPv4 address assigned to participating routers.

HSRPv2 transmits hello packets using UDP port 1985 to multicast IPv4 address 224.0.0.102, whereas VRRPv3 encapsulation uses IP protocol number 112 destined to multicast IPv4 address 224.0.0.18.

HSRPv2 and VRRPv3 both disable preemption by default, requiring administrators to manually configure preemption on backup devices to ensure failover to higher priority devices.

HSRPv2 allows configuring the active router's physical IPv4 address as the HSRP virtual IP address if the active router's priority is set to the maximum value of 255.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: VRRP permits the virtual IPv4 address to be identical to the physical IPv4 address assigned to the Master router's interface, whereas HSRP requires the virtual IP address to be unique and distinct from any physical IPv4 address assigned to participating routers.; HSRPv2 transmits hello packets using UDP port 1985 to multicast IPv4 address 224.0.0.102, whereas VRRPv3 encapsulation uses IP protocol number 112 destined to multicast IPv4 address 224.0.0.18.

Cevap

The two correct statements are: (1) VRRP permits the virtual IPv4 address to match the physical interface IP of the master router while HSRP requires a distinct virtual IP address, and (2) HSRPv2 uses UDP port 1985 with destination multicast 224.0.0.102, whereas VRRPv3 uses IP protocol 112 with destination multicast 224.0.0.18.

VRRP allows IP address ownership (where the virtual IP is identical to the physical IP address of the master interface), while HSRP requires the virtual IP to be a distinct IP address on the subnet. Additionally, HSRPv2 uses UDP port 1985 to multicast 224.0.0.102, whereas VRRPv3 operates over IP protocol 112 to multicast 224.0.0.18.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze virtual IP address assignment rules for HSRP vs VRRP.

VRRP supports IP address ownership where the virtual IP matches the master router's physical IP address (priority set to 255 automatically). HSRP requires the virtual IP to be an unassigned IP on the subnet, distinct from all participating routers' physical IPs.

Understanding IP address assignment mechanics prevents configuration errors during FHRP deployment.

Examine transport protocol encapsulation and multicast addresses.

HSRPv2 uses UDP port 1985 and multicast 224.0.0.102. VRRPv3 uses IP protocol 112 directly (no transport header like UDP/TCP) and multicast 224.0.0.18.

Differentiating transport mechanics is essential for access control list (ACL) and firewall configuration.

Evaluate default preemption behavior differences.

HSRP disables preemption by default, whereas VRRP enables preemption by default.

Recognizing default preemption behaviors avoids unexpected routing mastership shifts.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRPv2 vs VRRPv3 protocol characteristics, transport mechanisms, preemption defaults, and virtual IP allocation rules

Soru 1789Soru →

An enterprise router connects a branch office to the head office over a sub-rate Metro Ethernet circuit with a Committed Information Rate (CIR) of 20 Mbps on a 100 Mbps physical Ethernet handoff. Users report that during peak hours, TCP file transfers experience severe throughput degradation due to packet drops and retransmissions, while real-time UDP streams undergo frequent drops during bursts. An audit of the egress WAN interface reveals a QoS policy enforcing the 20 Mbps bandwidth limit using traffic policing. Which explanation correctly identifies why traffic shaping should be implemented instead of traffic policing on this egress interface?

Traffic shaping buffers excess out-of-profile packets in queues and transmits them smoothly over time up to the CIR rate, whereas traffic policing immediately drops or remarks packets exceeding the rate limit without buffering.

Traffic policing buffers non-conforming burst traffic until interface queue capacity opens, whereas traffic shaping immediately drops out-of-profile packets to prevent TCP window size expansion.

Traffic policing dynamically adjusts physical Layer 1 interface signaling speeds to match CIR limits, whereas traffic shaping alters Layer 2 framing headers to drop non-conforming packets.

Traffic shaping operates exclusively at Layer 2 using CoS bits to prioritize bursty data frames, whereas traffic policing operates at Layer 3 by rewriting IP TOS precedence values to drop packets.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Traffic shaping buffers excess out-of-profile packets in queues and transmits them smoothly over time up to the CIR rate, whereas traffic policing immediately drops or remarks packets exceeding the rate limit without buffering.

Cevap

Traffic shaping mitigates bursty traffic drops on sub-rate interfaces by storing out-of-profile packets in software queues and pacing their transmission at the CIR rate over time. Traffic policing does not buffer packets; non-conforming traffic exceeding the CIR is immediately dropped or remarked, leading to high TCP retransmissions and stream degradation during bursts.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the operational behavior of Traffic Policing.

Traffic policing measures the traffic rate against a configured limit (such as CIR). Traffic that exceeds the profile is either immediately dropped or remarked to a lower priority (e.g., lower DSCP value). Policers do not buffer traffic, causing TCP window collapses and packet loss during traffic bursts.

Policing is designed for hard rate enforcement, usually applied inbound or at service provider handoffs.

Analyze the operational behavior of Traffic Shaping.

Traffic shaping measures the traffic rate against a configured CIR profile, but excess traffic above the rate limit is retained in software queues and scheduled for delayed transmission. This smoothes out bursty traffic profiles.

Shaping prevents packet loss caused by transient traffic bursts by using memory buffering, making it ideal for sub-rate Ethernet access links.

Compare policing versus shaping for the sub-rate WAN scenario.

Because the physical port operates at 100 Mbps while the ISP contract limits throughput to 20 Mbps CIR, bursty transmissions from the router fill the link at 100 Mbps burst rates. Traffic policing drops these bursts immediately. Traffic shaping holds excess packets in queues and meters them out at 20 Mbps, preventing TCP retransmissions and stream drops.

Shaping is recommended egress on sub-rate WAN interfaces to avoid provider policer drops and smooth bursty traffic.

Anahtar Kavram

Difference between QoS Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping

Soru 1790Soru →

An administrator examines the following routing table output from a Cisco router:

text
Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
D 10.10.20.0/24 [90/2170112] via 192.168.1.2, 00:15:42, GigabitEthernet0/0
O 10.10.20.0/26 [110/20] via 192.168.1.6, 00:08:12, GigabitEthernet0/1
S 10.10.0.0/16 [1/0] via 192.168.1.10
C 10.10.20.128/25 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2

If the router receives a packet with a destination IP address of 10.10.20.45, which two statements correctly describe how the router processes this packet? (Select two.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

The router forwards the packet out GigabitEthernet0/1 because the prefix 10.10.20.0/26 represents the longest matching prefix for the destination IP address.

The router evaluates administrative distance only among routes that share the exact same longest prefix match length.

The router forwards the packet to next-hop 192.168.1.10 because static routes have a lower administrative distance (1) than OSPF or EIGRP routes.

The router forwards the packet via 192.168.1.2 because EIGRP (AD 90) is preferred over OSPF (AD 110) for destination prefix 10.10.20.0.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The router forwards the packet out GigabitEthernet0/1 because the prefix 10.10.20.0/26 represents the longest matching prefix for the destination IP address.; The router evaluates administrative distance only among routes that share the exact same longest prefix match length.

Cevap

The router selects the OSPF route (10.10.20.0/26) and forwards the packet out interface GigabitEthernet0/1 because 26 bits is the longest matching prefix for host 10.10.20.45. Administrative distance is only evaluated when multiple routing protocols advertise the exact same destination network prefix length.

The destination address 10.10.20.45 matches three routes in the routing table: 10.10.0.0/16, 10.10.20.0/24, and 10.10.20.0/26. Router forwarding logic mandates that the route with the longest matching prefix (/26) is chosen first. Consequently, the packet is egressed out interface GigabitEthernet0/1. Furthermore, administrative distance is only referenced when comparing multiple sources advertising the exact same network prefix and subnet mask.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Determine which routing table entries match the destination IP address 10.10.20.45.

Three entries match: 10.10.0.0/16 (range 10.10.0.0-10.10.255.255), 10.10.20.0/24 (range 10.10.20.0-10.10.20.255), and 10.10.20.0/26 (range 10.10.20.0-10.10.20.63). Entry 10.10.20.128/25 does not match.

Routing decision logic requires evaluating all active prefix matches for a given destination host address.

Apply the Longest Prefix Match (LPM) rule among matching routes.

The route 10.10.20.0/26 has the longest prefix length (/26 > /24 > /16).

Routers always select the route with the most specific (longest) subnet mask before comparing administrative distance.

Identify the forwarding interface and understand administrative distance behavior.

Packet is egressed via GigabitEthernet0/1. Administrative distance is only compared when identical prefixes with identical mask lengths exist from different protocol sources.

Administrative distance compares routing protocol reliability for the same prefix, not across prefixes of different specificity.

Anahtar Kavram

Longest Prefix Match Rule vs. Administrative Distance

Soru 1791Soru →

Match each network configuration management tool to its corresponding architectural characteristics and operational model.

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Ansible corresponds to the agentless, push-based model using SSH/NETCONF and YAML playbooks. Puppet corresponds to the agent-based, pull-based model using Puppet DSL manifests over TCP port 8140. Chef corresponds to the agent-based, pull-based model using Ruby DSL recipes/cookbooks over TCP port 443.

Ansible is characterized by being agentless, push-based, using SSH/NETCONF, and using YAML playbooks. Puppet relies on agents, operates in a pull model over TCP port 8140, and uses Puppet DSL manifests. Chef relies on agents, operates in a pull model over TCP port 443 (HTTPS), and uses Ruby DSL recipes and cookbooks.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the operational architecture of Ansible.

Ansible is agentless, uses SSH or NETCONF to communicate with target network devices, operates via a push mechanism, and uses YAML formatted playbooks.

Ansible does not require software agent installation on managed devices.

Identify the operational architecture of Puppet.

Puppet relies on agents, operates via a pull mechanism using TCP port 8140, and uses Puppet DSL for manifests.

Puppet agents periodically check in with the Puppet master to pull desired configuration states.

Identify the operational architecture of Chef.

Chef relies on agents (Chef client), operates via a pull mechanism using HTTPS over TCP port 443, and uses Ruby DSL for cookbooks and recipes.

Chef client agents pull configuration policy directly from the Chef server over encrypted web traffic.

Anahtar Kavram

Capabilities and Architecture of Configuration Management Tools (Ansible, Puppet, Chef)

Soru 1792Soru →

A network administrator notices that critical link failure notifications sent from an edge router to the central Network Management System (NMS) are periodically dropped during high WAN congestion without any alert being logged by the NMS. The enterprise security policy requires all network telemetry notifications to support delivery receipts and enforce both cryptographic authentication and data encryption. Which configuration approach on the Cisco IOS router meets these operational and security requirements?

Configure SNMPv3 Informs using the authPriv security level.

Configure SNMPv3 Traps using the authPriv security level.

Configure SNMPv2c Informs with a read-write community string using TCP port 162.

Configure SNMPv3 Informs using the authNoPriv security level.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Configure SNMPv3 Informs using the authPriv security level.

Cevap

Configure SNMPv3 Informs using the authPriv security level.

SNMP Informs fulfill the reliability requirement by requiring the receiving Network Management System (NMS) to acknowledge receipt, retransmitting the message if no acknowledgment is received. Pairing Informs with the SNMPv3 authPriv security level ensures both authentication of the manager/agent and encryption of transmitted notification data, meeting all listed requirements.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze notification reliability requirements

Identified the need for acknowledged notifications (Informs rather than Traps).

Traps are unacknowledged UDP messages that offer no delivery confirmation. Informs require the NMS to reply with an SNMP response PDU, retrying transmission if no confirmation is received within a timeout period.

Analyze security model requirements

Identified the need for the authPriv security model in SNMPv3.

authPriv provides both cryptographic authentication (MD5/SHA) and encryption (DES/AES). noAuthNoPriv provides no security, authNoPriv provides authentication without encryption, and SNMPv2c uses cleartext community strings.

Anahtar Kavram

SNMP Inform operational mechanics vs Traps and SNMPv3 security levels (authPriv)

Soru 1793Soru →

An enterprise organization is establishing physical security measures to protect its central data center network hardware against unauthorized physical intrusion. Which TWO physical access controls should the network security team implement? (Select TWO.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

Biometric scanners installed at server room entrance doors

Mantrap vestibules with interlocking doors at facility entry points

TACACS+ authentication protocol deployed for network device CLI access

Extended IPv4 Access Control Lists configured on perimeter router interfaces

Type 1 hypervisor virtual switches isolating virtual server traffic

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Biometric scanners installed at server room entrance doors; Mantrap vestibules with interlocking doors at facility entry points

Cevap

Biometric scanners installed at entrance doors and mantrap vestibules with interlocking doors are valid physical access controls.

Physical access controls specifically restrict human physical entry into secure areas containing critical networking hardware. Biometric scanners verify individual physiological traits (such as fingerprint or iris patterns) at door access points, while mantrap vestibules utilize dual interlocking doors to prevent piggybacking or tailgating into data center facilities.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Distinguish physical security controls from logical or administrative controls.

Physical controls protect tangible assets, facilities, and physical equipment from physical access.

Security controls are categorized by the domain they secure (physical vs technical/logical).

Evaluate each choice against physical security functionality.

Biometric locks authenticate physical presence, and mantraps physically regulate physical passage into data centers.

Both measures physically prevent unauthorized humans from entering secure equipment areas.

Anahtar Kavram

Physical Access Controls

Soru 1794Soru →

An engineer is troubleshooting a first-hop redundancy deployment on a Cisco router interface configured with IPv4 address 192.168.100.1/24. When entering the command `standby 1 ip 192.168.100.1`, the CLI outputs `% HSRP: Bad IP address 192.168.100.1`. However, on a neighboring router running VRRP, assigning the physical interface IP address as the virtual IP address is accepted and functions correctly. What fundamental operational difference between HSRP and VRRP causes this behavioral discrepancy?

HSRP mandates that the virtual IP address must be unique and cannot match any physical interface IP in the standby group, whereas VRRP supports IP address ownership where the master router physical IP serves as the virtual IP.

HSRP requires the preemption feature to be explicitly enabled before assigning a physical IP address as the virtual IP, whereas VRRP enables preemption by default when IP address ownership is configured.

HSRP version 1 only supports virtual IP addresses from private RFC 1918 ranges, whereas VRRP allows both public and private IP addresses to be assigned as virtual router addresses.

HSRP reserves the interface physical IP address exclusively for sending HSRP hello multicast traffic to 224.0.0.2, whereas VRRP uses unicast communication between backup routers.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: HSRP mandates that the virtual IP address must be unique and cannot match any physical interface IP in the standby group, whereas VRRP supports IP address ownership where the master router physical IP serves as the virtual IP.

Cevap

In HSRP protocol operations, the virtual IP address MUST be distinct from any physical IPv4 address assigned to the interfaces participating in the HSRP group. Attempting to assign the physical interface IP as the HSRP virtual IP results in a CLI validation error (`% HSRP: Bad IP address`). Conversely, VRRP (RFC 3768 / RFC 5798) explicitly permits IP address ownership, allowing the physical interface IP of the master router to function as the virtual gateway IP address (setting the router priority to 255).

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the CLI error output: `% HSRP: Bad IP address 192.168.100.1`.

Identify that the Cisco IOS CLI rejects HSRP configuration when attempting to set the virtual IP equal to the physical interface IP.

Cisco HSRP (both version 1 and version 2) requires the virtual IP to be a separate, unique IPv4 address within the same subnet, distinct from all physical interface IPs assigned to participating routers.

Compare HSRP rules with VRRP rules regarding Virtual IP assignment.

Recognize that VRRP allows IP address ownership (where the Virtual IP address matches the physical interface IP address of the Master router).

When a VRRP router owns the IP address, its priority is automatically elevated to 255, making it the VRRP Master.

Evaluate the option choices to select the statement accurately explaining this architectural difference.

Select the statement highlighting that HSRP requires a unique virtual IP while VRRP supports IP address ownership.

This correctly identifies why HSRP produced an error while VRRP accepted the physical IP address.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRP vs. VRRP Virtual IP Address Ownership and Assignment Rules

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 1795Soru →

A network engineer initializes OSPFv2 on a Cisco router with process ID 10. The router interfaces are configured with the following parameters and operational states:

- Loopback 0: 10.10.10.1/32 (administratively down, line protocol down)
- Loopback 1: 172.16.10.1/32 (up, line protocol up)
- GigabitEthernet 0/0: 192.168.10.254/24 (up, line protocol up)
- GigabitEthernet 0/1: 192.168.20.1/24 (up, line protocol up)

No explicit `router-id` command has been configured under the OSPF routing process. Which TWO statements accurately describe the OSPF Router ID selection and operational behavior for this router?

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

The OSPF process selects 172.16.10.1 as its Router ID because it is the highest IPv4 address among operational loopback interfaces.

The router maintains 172.16.10.1 as its active OSPF Router ID even if Loopback 1 is subsequently shut down, until the OSPF process is reset or reloaded.

The OSPF process selects 192.168.20.1 as its Router ID because GigabitEthernet 0/1 has the highest overall IP address assigned to an active interface.

The OSPF process selects 10.10.10.1 as its Router ID because Loopback 0 is always evaluated first regardless of interface operational status.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The OSPF process selects 172.16.10.1 as its Router ID because it is the highest IPv4 address among operational loopback interfaces.; The router maintains 172.16.10.1 as its active OSPF Router ID even if Loopback 1 is subsequently shut down, until the OSPF process is reset or reloaded.

Cevap

The OSPF process selects 172.16.10.1 as its Router ID because it is the highest IPv4 address among operational loopback interfaces, and it maintains 172.16.10.1 as its active OSPF Router ID even if Loopback 1 is subsequently shut down, until the OSPF process is reset or reloaded.

OSPFv2 selects its Router ID following a strict hierarchy: first an explicit `router-id` configuration, second the highest IPv4 address among operational (up/up) loopback interfaces, and third the highest IPv4 address among operational physical interfaces. Because Loopback 0 is down, Loopback 1 (172.16.10.1) is chosen as the highest active loopback IP address, taking precedence over physical interfaces. Furthermore, OSPF Router ID selection is non-preemptive; once selected, changes to interface states do not immediately update the running Router ID without explicitly resetting the OSPF process.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Evaluate the order of precedence for OSPFv2 Router ID election.

Order: 1. Manually configured `router-id` under `router ospf`. 2. Highest IPv4 address on an active (up/up) loopback interface. 3. Highest IPv4 address on an active (up/up) physical interface.

Since no manual `router-id` command is present, the process moves to checking operational loopback interfaces.

Filter interfaces by operational status (up/up).

Loopback 0 is down and disqualified. Loopback 1 (172.16.10.1), GigabitEthernet 0/0 (192.168.10.254), and GigabitEthernet 0/1 (192.168.20.1) are operational.

Only active interfaces with operational line protocol up can be selected.

Determine the winning interface IP address.

Loopback 1 (172.16.10.1) is selected because it is the only active loopback interface, overriding higher IP addresses on physical interfaces.

Loopback interfaces always take precedence over non-loopback interfaces.

Analyze non-preemptive behavior of the OSPF Router ID.

Once elected, the Router ID remains stable in memory. Shutting down the interface or adding higher IP addresses does not automatically change the active Router ID until `clear ip ospf process` or a device reload occurs.

OSPF Router ID selection is non-preemptive to prevent unnecessary adjacency tear-downs.

Anahtar Kavram

OSPFv2 Router ID Election Priority and Non-Preemptive Stability Mechanics

Soru 1796Soru →

When comparing operational characteristics between TFTP and FTP for managing Cisco IOS device configurations and system images, which two statements accurately describe their key protocol differences? (Select two.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

FTP requires session authentication using explicit user credentials, whereas standard TFTP transfers operate without user authentication.

TFTP uses connectionless UDP at the transport layer, whereas FTP uses connection-oriented TCP to guarantee packet delivery.

TFTP utilizes TCP port 69 to manage flow control and sliding window mechanisms during file transfers.

FTP uses UDP ports 20 and 21 to establish lightweight, unauthenticated file transmission channels.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: FTP requires session authentication using explicit user credentials, whereas standard TFTP transfers operate without user authentication.; TFTP uses connectionless UDP at the transport layer, whereas FTP uses connection-oriented TCP to guarantee packet delivery.

Cevap

The statements highlighting that FTP requires session authentication whereas TFTP operates without authentication, and that TFTP uses connectionless UDP whereas FTP uses connection-oriented TCP, are correct.

FTP uses TCP as its transport protocol (ports 20 and 21) providing connection-oriented reliability and requires user authentication credentials. TFTP uses UDP (port 69) as a simple, unauthenticated file transfer protocol.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze transport layer protocol assignment for TFTP and FTP.

TFTP uses UDP port 69 as its transport protocol. FTP uses TCP port 21 for control connections and TCP port 20 for data connections.

Understanding transport protocol mappings determines reliability mechanics and port requirements.

Analyze authentication features for both file transfer protocols.

FTP supports and mandates user authentication (username/password), whereas TFTP is a simplified protocol without native user authentication capabilities.

Distinguishing authentication capabilities helps identify secure vs simple file transfer operations.

Anahtar Kavram

TFTP vs FTP Protocol Operations and Features

Soru 1797Soru →

A network administrator needs to establish an encrypted tunnel between two permanent branch office router gateways to securely interconnect their internal networks over the public Internet without installing client software on end-user devices. Which VPN deployment model best satisfies this requirement?

Site-to-site IPsec VPN

Remote access SSL/TLS VPN

Clientless SSL VPN

Remote access IPsec VPN with Cisco AnyConnect

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Site-to-site IPsec VPN

Cevap

Site-to-site IPsec VPN is the correct deployment model because it connects fixed gateway devices (such as routers or firewalls) across the Internet, allowing hosts on both local networks to communicate securely without requiring VPN software on individual host devices.

A site-to-site IPsec VPN creates a permanent encrypted tunnel between network devices (routers or firewalls) at fixed locations. Because the gateways process encapsulation and security policies, hosts on either network communicate transparently without needing specialized VPN software.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the connectivity endpoints specified in the scenario.

The connection is between two permanent router gateways representing static office networks.

Topologies connecting fixed infrastructure gateways use site-to-site designs, whereas topologies connecting individual mobile endpoints use remote access designs.

Evaluate the software client requirement.

No software client is to be installed on end-user devices.

Site-to-site VPNs handle encryption and encapsulation at the gateway level, making the tunnel completely transparent to local hosts.

Anahtar Kavram

Site-to-Site vs Remote Access VPN Architectures

Soru 1798Soru →

A Cisco router connects an internal LAN on interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ( $172.16.50.0/24$ ) to an ISP link on interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ( $198.51.100.2/30$ ). The network engineer issues the global command `ip nat inside source list 15 interface GigabitEthernet0/1 overload` to enable Port Address Translation (PAT). However, internal hosts cannot reach the Internet and no translations appear in the NAT table. The running configuration reveals the following interface settings:

text
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip address 198.51.100.2 255.255.255.252
ip nat outside

Which configuration command must be applied to interface GigabitEthernet0/0 to enable address translation?

Apply `ip nat inside` under interface GigabitEthernet0/0 configuration mode.

Remove the `overload` keyword from the global `ip nat inside source list 15 interface GigabitEthernet0/1 overload` statement.

Modify Access Control List 15 to match public range `172.32.50.0 0.0.0.255` instead of private range `172.16.50.0 0.0.0.255`.

Configure `ip helper-address 198.51.100.2` under interface GigabitEthernet0/0 to forward translation packets to the WAN interface.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Apply `ip nat inside` under interface GigabitEthernet0/0 configuration mode.

Cevap

Apply `ip nat inside` under interface GigabitEthernet0/0 configuration mode.

For Cisco IOS NAT/PAT to function, the router must know which interface represents the internal network and which interface represents the external network. The output shows `ip nat outside` on GigabitEthernet0/1, but GigabitEthernet0/0 is missing `ip nat inside`. Without this designation, packets entering GigabitEthernet0/0 are routed normally without triggering NAT evaluation.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the given interface configuration for NAT boundary markers.

Interface GigabitEthernet0/1 is designated with `ip nat outside`, but GigabitEthernet0/0 lacks any NAT boundary designation.

Cisco IOS NAT routing logic requires packets to traverse from an interface designated as `ip nat inside` to one designated as `ip nat outside` (or vice versa) for translation rules to trigger.

Identify the required command to complete the NAT setup on the internal interface.

Configuring `ip nat inside` on GigabitEthernet0/0 establishes the internal NAT boundary.

This allows traffic originating from subnet

172.16.50.0/24

entering GigabitEthernet0/0 to be evaluated by the `ip nat inside source list 15 interface GigabitEthernet0/1 overload` rule.

Anahtar Kavram

Inside and Outside NAT Interface Designation

Soru 1799Soru →

A network security administrator is designing a VPN architecture for an enterprise deployment. The primary requirement demands a persistent, gateway-to-gateway encrypted connection between two static data center locations to transparently transport subnets without requiring endpoint software. Additionally, the administrator must support mobile employees who need temporary, browser-based remote access to internal HTTPS web applications from unmanaged personal laptops without installing a dedicated VPN client software. Which combination of VPN deployment types and protocols best fulfills both architectural requirements?

A Site-to-Site IPsec VPN using tunnel mode for data center connectivity, and a Clientless SSL/TLS Remote Access VPN for mobile employee access.

A Remote Access IPsec VPN using transport mode for data center connectivity, and a Client-based IPsec Remote Access VPN using split-tunneling for mobile employee access.

A Site-to-Site SSL/TLS VPN using transport mode for data center connectivity, and a Clientless Remote Access IPsec VPN with GRE encapsulation for mobile employee access.

A Site-to-Site IPsec VPN using transport mode for data center connectivity, and a Client-based SSL/TLS Remote Access VPN enforcing full tunneling for mobile employee access.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: A Site-to-Site IPsec VPN using tunnel mode for data center connectivity, and a Clientless SSL/TLS Remote Access VPN for mobile employee access.

Cevap

A Site-to-Site IPsec VPN using tunnel mode for data center connectivity, and a Clientless SSL/TLS Remote Access VPN for mobile employee access.

The correct selection correctly pairs Site-to-Site IPsec VPN in tunnel mode for transparent network-to-network data center interconnection with Clientless Remote Access SSL/TLS VPN for mobile workers. Site-to-Site IPsec VPNs use security gateways at each end to encrypt traffic between entire subnets without host configuration. Clientless SSL VPN allows remote users to establish a secure session directly through a web browser using standard TLS, eliminating the need to deploy or manage client software on unmanaged personal devices.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the static data center interconnect requirement.

Connecting two static corporate data center networks transparently requires a Site-to-Site topology using IPsec in tunnel mode (encrypting both original header and payload between security gateways).

Site-to-Site VPNs establish permanent peer-to-peer links between edge devices (routers/firewalls) to connect entire subnets.

Analyze the mobile employee access requirement.

Providing secure access from unmanaged devices without installing client software necessitates a Clientless Remote Access SSL/TLS VPN.

Clientless SSL VPN utilizes the native web browser's TLS implementation to grant access to internal web portals without requiring administrative installation of VPN client software on personal endpoints.

Synthesize and select the matching option.

Combining a Site-to-Site IPsec VPN in tunnel mode with a Clientless SSL/TLS Remote Access VPN fully satisfies both requirements.

This alignment satisfies network-to-network transport for static branches and clientless browser access for remote workers.

Anahtar Kavram

Distinction between Site-to-Site IPsec VPNs and Remote Access SSL/TLS (Clientless vs Client-based) VPN architectures.

Soru 1800Soru →

A network operations team is leveraging Cisco DNA Center Assurance to monitor the overall health and operational status of enterprise Cisco Catalyst switches. Which TWO statements accurately describe how Cisco DNA Center gathers telemetry and evaluates device health? (Select TWO.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

Cisco DNA Center collects telemetry data such as Syslog messages, SNMP traps, and NetFlow streams pushed directly from managed network devices.

Cisco DNA Center calculates dynamic health scores for devices by aggregating Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) across network, client, and application domains.

Cisco DNA Center requires a proprietary software agent installed locally on each switch CLI to execute background health monitoring scripts.

Managed switches issue HTTP POST requests to Cisco DNA Center REST APIs to update the controller inventory database when interface link state changes occur.

Cisco DNA Center relies exclusively on TACACS+ accounting logs to measure packet drop rates and physical layer interface degradation.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Cisco DNA Center collects telemetry data such as Syslog messages, SNMP traps, and NetFlow streams pushed directly from managed network devices.; Cisco DNA Center calculates dynamic health scores for devices by aggregating Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) across network, client, and application domains.

Cevap

Cisco DNA Center gathers telemetry using streaming protocols, SNMP traps, Syslog, and NetFlow from managed devices, and evaluates overall health by computing dynamic health scores from aggregated Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

Cisco DNA Center Assurance continuously monitors network performance by gathering telemetry data (Syslog, SNMP, NetFlow) from network devices and synthesizing this information into dynamic health scores using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify how Cisco DNA Center collects health and operational data from managed devices.

Cisco DNA Center uses agentless monitoring via streaming telemetry, SNMP, Syslog, and NetFlow.

Standard network management telemetry protocols allow centralized collection without local software agents on switch endpoints.

Determine how Cisco DNA Center Assurance quantifies device and network health.

Assurance computes dynamic health scores based on aggregated Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

Health scores normalize complex metrics into actionable ratings for network, client, and application status.

Anahtar Kavram

Cisco DNA Center Assurance Telemetry and Health Score Assessment

ÖncekiSayfa 90 / 100Sonraki

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