IP Connectivity

493 soru

Tüm türler493 Çoktan seçmeli250 Çoklu seçim113 Eşleştirme25 Sıralama60 Boşluk doldurma22 Kısa cevap23

A network engineer needs to configure a backup IPv4 static route on router HQ-Rtr to reach the remote LAN $10.220.50.0/24$ . The primary path to this destination is learned via OSPFv2, which has a default Administrative Distance of 110. The backup static path must be routed through the next-hop IP address $192.168.88.2$ and should only be inserted into the IP routing table if the primary OSPF path fails. Which Cisco IOS command must be configured on HQ-Rtr to achieve this design requirement?

ip route 10.220.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.88.2 120

ip route 10.220.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.88.2 90

ip route 10.220.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.88.2 110

ip route 10.220.50.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.88.2 120

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: ip route 10.220.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.88.2 120

Cevap

The command 'ip route 10.220.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.88.2 120' correctly configures a floating static route with an Administrative Distance higher than OSPF.

The command specifying 'ip route 10.220.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.88.2 120' uses valid Cisco IOS syntax and assigns an Administrative Distance of 120. Because 120 is higher than OSPF's default Administrative Distance of 110, the static route remains inactive in the routing table until the primary OSPF path is lost.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the primary routing protocol and its Administrative Distance (AD).

The primary route is learned via OSPFv2, which has a default AD of 110.

To create a floating (backup) static route, its AD must be higher than the AD of the active primary routing protocol.

Determine the required Administrative Distance for the backup route.

An AD greater than 110 (such as 120) must be specified at the end of the static route command.

Routes with lower AD values are preferred. An AD of 120 ensures the route stays out of the routing table until the primary OSPF route disappears.

Verify Cisco IOS static route syntax.

Syntax format: 'ip route <destination-prefix> <subnet-mask> <next-hop-ip> [distance]'.

Cisco IOS requires subnet masks in dotted-decimal format (255.255.255.0), not wildcard masks.

Anahtar Kavram

Floating Static Route Administrative Distance Selection

Soru 122Soru →

A network administrator is configuring static routes on router R1 to provide redundancy for destination network $172.20.50.0/24$ . The primary path to this network is currently learned via OSPF with an administrative distance of $110$ . The administrator wants to add a backup static route via next-hop IPv4 address $192.168.12.2$ and evaluate static route forwarding behavior on broadcast networks. Which two statements regarding static route configuration and forwarding logic are correct? (Select two.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

To function as a backup (floating) static route for the OSPF path, the static route must be configured with an administrative distance value greater than 110.

Configuring the backup static route with an administrative distance of 90 ensures it remains unused until the primary OSPF route goes down.

Configuring an IPv4 static route specifying only an exit interface on a broadcast Ethernet link causes the router to issue ARP requests for destination host IPs, relying on proxy ARP from the next-hop router.

A static route with a /24 prefix length and an administrative distance of 10 will take forwarding precedence over an OSPF route with a /26 prefix length.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: To function as a backup (floating) static route for the OSPF path, the static route must be configured with an administrative distance value greater than 110.; Configuring an IPv4 static route specifying only an exit interface on a broadcast Ethernet link causes the router to issue ARP requests for destination host IPs, relying on proxy ARP from the next-hop router.

Cevap

The two correct statements are that a floating static route backing up OSPF must have an administrative distance greater than 110, and that specifying only an exit interface on a broadcast Ethernet link requires proxy ARP on the adjacent router to resolve destination IP addresses.

The statement requiring an administrative distance greater than 110 for a backup route is correct because OSPF has a default AD of 110, so a floating static route must have a higher AD (e.g., 120) to remain inactive until OSPF fails. The statement regarding exit-interface configuration on Ethernet links is also correct because broadcast media require next-hop MAC address resolution, causing the router to send ARP queries for destination IPs which require proxy ARP from the neighboring router.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the floating static route administrative distance requirement.

OSPF has a default administrative distance (AD) of 110. For a static route to serve as a backup (floating static route), its AD must be set higher than 110 (e.g., 120). Setting an AD lower than 110 makes it the preferred active route immediately.

Lower administrative distance values indicate higher route trustworthiness in the Cisco IOS routing table.

Evaluate exit-interface behavior on Ethernet broadcast networks.

When a static route points only to an Ethernet exit interface (without a next-hop IP address), the router considers the destination network directly connected and sends an ARP request for the destination IP address of every traversing packet, relying on the next-hop device to answer via proxy ARP.

Ethernet is a multiaccess media type, so the router cannot automatically determine the next-hop Layer 2 MAC address without an explicit next-hop IP or proxy ARP response.

Verify forwarding precedence rules (Longest Prefix Match vs. AD).

Longest prefix match always takes precedence over administrative distance. A

/26

route is more specific than a

/24

route and will always be chosen for packets matching that subnet, regardless of AD.

Administrative distance is only used to select between routes with identical prefix lengths from different sources when populating the routing table.

Anahtar Kavram

IPv4 Static Route Administrative Distance and Next-Hop Resolution Mechanics

Soru 123Soru →

A network technician is configuring Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) on Router R1 to provide default gateway redundancy for hosts in VLAN 20. Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 on R1 has been assigned the IPv4 address $172.16.20.1/24$ . The technician enters the following commands in interface configuration mode:

text
R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.20.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# standby 20 ip 172.16.20.1

Which statement accurately describes the outcome of executing these configuration commands?

Cisco IOS rejects the virtual IP configuration because HSRP does not allow the virtual IP address to match a physical interface IP address on any participating router.

The router accepts the command and automatically enables HSRP preemption to ensure Router R1 becomes the permanent Active router for group 20.

Cisco IOS accepts the configuration and assigns Router R1 a default HSRP priority of 255 because it acts as the IP address owner for the standby group.

The router accepts the virtual IP address, but HSRP stays permanently in the Listen state until a secondary standby IP address is defined.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Cisco IOS rejects the virtual IP configuration because HSRP does not allow the virtual IP address to match a physical interface IP address on any participating router.

Cevap

Cisco IOS rejects the virtual IP configuration because HSRP does not allow the virtual IP address to match a physical interface IP address on any participating router.

In Cisco IOS Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP), the virtual IP address must be a unique, unassigned IPv4 address within the same IP subnet as the participating router interfaces. Cisco IOS will generate an error and reject any attempt to configure the virtual IP address to be identical to a physical interface IP address. Therefore, the statement noting that Cisco IOS rejects the configuration because HSRP does not allow matching physical IP addresses is correct.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the proposed HSRP configuration command on Router R1.

The command attempts to assign

172.16.20.1

as the HSRP virtual IP address for group 20, which is already configured as the physical IP address of GigabitEthernet0/0/1.

Identifying potential IP address conflicts between physical interface addressing and FHRP virtual addressing.

Evaluate HSRP protocol rules regarding virtual IP address assignment.

HSRP requires the virtual IP address to be an unused IP address within the same logical subnet as the physical interface IP addresses.

HSRP routers share a virtual IP and virtual MAC address. If the virtual IP matches a physical IP, ARP and routing table resolution conflicts occur.

Contrast HSRP behavior with VRRP operational rules.

While VRRP permits a router to act as the IP address owner (where the virtual IP matches the physical interface IP and automatically receives priority 255), HSRP strictly prohibits this practice and rejects the command in Cisco IOS.

Distinguishing vendor-standard HSRP mechanics from IEEE standard VRRP mechanics.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRP Virtual IP Address Assignment Restrictions

Tahmini Süre:1m 15s

Soru 124Soru →

Router R1 contains the following IPv4 routing table entries for destination networks within the enterprise core:

- A static route to $10.10.4.0/24$ with a configured administrative distance of $110$
- An OSPF route to $10.10.0.0/16$ with an administrative distance of $110$
- A RIP route to $10.10.4.32/27$ with an administrative distance of $120$

When Router R1 receives an IPv4 packet destined for host $10.10.4.50$ , which route will R1 select to forward the traffic?

The RIP route to

10.10.4.32/27

because it has the longest prefix match for the destination address.

The static route to

10.10.4.0/24

because static routes are preferred over dynamic routing protocols when administrative distance is equal.

The OSPF route to

10.10.0.0/16

because OSPF is a link-state protocol with lower overhead than RIP.

Equal-cost load balancing across both the static route and the OSPF route because both have an administrative distance of

110

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The RIP route to $10.10.4.32/27$ because it has the longest prefix match for the destination address.

Cevap

Router R1 will select the RIP route to

10.10.4.32/27

because it represents the longest prefix match (27 bits) for the destination host address

10.10.4.50

When a router receives an IP packet, it compares the destination IP address against entries in its routing table. The fundamental rule of IP route selection is Longest Prefix Match (LPM). The destination host

10.10.4.50

matches all three configured routes, but

10.10.4.32/27

has the longest subnet mask prefix length (27 bits vs 24 bits vs 16 bits). Administrative distance is only evaluated when comparing two routes pointing to the exact same prefix and mask length. Therefore, the router forwards traffic using the RIP route despite its higher administrative distance of 120.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Convert the destination IP and route prefixes to binary or analyze subnet ranges to find matching routes.

Host

10.10.4.50

falls into all three ranges:

10.10.0.0/16

(range

10.10.0.0

–

10.10.255.255

10.10.4.0/24

(range

10.10.4.0

–

10.10.4.255

), and

10.10.4.32/27

(range

10.10.4.32

–

10.10.4.63

Before comparing administrative distance, the router identifies all routing table entries that match the destination IP address.

Apply Cisco IOS forwarding decision logic rule #1: Longest Prefix Match.

The

/27

mask (27 matching subnet bits) is longer and more specific than

/24

(24 bits) and

/16

(16 bits).

The router always prefers the route with the highest number of matching leading bits, regardless of administrative distance or metric.

Select the forwarding route.

The RIP route to

10.10.4.32/27

is chosen for packet forwarding.

Administrative distance (120 vs 110) is ignored because the prefix lengths are not identical.

Anahtar Kavram

Cisco IPv4 Forwarding Decision Logic: Longest Prefix Match Rule

Soru 125Soru →

A network engineer has configured VRRPv2 between Router A (Master) and Router B (Backup) to provide default gateway redundancy for hosts on VLAN 10. Router A suddenly loses power and stops functioning. What is the correct sequence of operational events from the initial failure of Router A to the complete restoration of host traffic flow through Router B?

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Cevap

The correct sequence of events is: 1) Router A stops transmitting VRRP Master Advertisement multicast frames. 2) The Master_Down_Interval timer on Router B expires after three missed intervals plus skew time. 3) Router B transitions its internal state from Backup to Master. 4) Router B broadcasts a Gratuitous ARP (GARP) frame mapping the VRRP virtual IP to its virtual MAC address. 5) Layer 2 switches update their MAC address tables to forward host traffic to Router B.

During a VRRP Master router failure, the active Master first stops transmitting VRRP advertisement multicast messages. The Backup router notices the missing messages and waits until its Master_Down_Interval timer (calculated as 3 x Advertisement Interval + Skew Time) expires. When the timer elapses, the Backup router transitions into the Master state. Immediately after becoming Master, it broadcasts a Gratuitous ARP (GARP) packet containing the virtual IP and virtual MAC address. Connected Layer 2 switches receive this GARP and update their MAC address tables so that outbound host traffic destined for the virtual default gateway is properly directed to the new Master router.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the initial link/device failure event.

Router A fails and immediately ceases broadcasting VRRP Master Advertisement messages to multicast address 224.0.0.18.

Power loss prevents Router A from generating periodic advertisement packets.

Determine the backup router timer monitoring phase.

Router B detects silence on VLAN 10 and waits for the Master_Down_Interval timer (3 * Advertisement_Interval + Skew_Time) to expire.

The timer ensures transient network delays do not trigger unneeded master election failovers.

Analyze the state transition on the backup router.

Once the Master_Down_Interval timer expires, Router B moves from Backup state to Master state.

VRRP finite state machine rules require a Backup router to assume Master status if advertisements stop.

Identify how the new Master announces its presence to Layer 2 infrastructure.

Router B broadcasts a Gratuitous ARP frame containing the virtual IP and virtual MAC address across the segment.

Notifies connected Layer 2 switches that frames sent to the virtual MAC address should be delivered to Router B's port.

Trace the Layer 2 forwarding table update and traffic resumption.

Switches update their MAC address tables and forward subsequent host gateway traffic to Router B.

Hosts continue sending packets to the unchanged virtual MAC, which switches now forward to Router B.

Anahtar Kavram

VRRP Master Failover and Convergence Sequence

Soru 126Soru →

A network administrator needs to configure a fully specified IPv4 static route on a Cisco router to reach destination subnet $10.50.0.0/16$ . The next-hop router interface IP address is $172.16.1.2$ , and the outbound multiaccess Ethernet interface on the local router is GigabitEthernet0/0. Which command correctly establishes this route while avoiding recursive routing table lookups?

ip route 10.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.1.2

ip route 10.50.0.0 0.0.255.255 GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.1.2

ip route 10.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.1.2 GigabitEthernet0/0

ip route 10.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.1.1

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: ip route 10.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.1.2

Cevap

The command `ip route 10.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.1.2` correctly configures a fully specified static route.

A fully specified static route on a broadcast multiaccess interface requires both the local outbound interface name and the next-hop IP address. In Cisco IOS, the command structure is `ip route <prefix> <mask> <exit-interface> <next-hop-ip>`. The option specifying `ip route 10.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.1.2` adheres strictly to this syntax.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the target network address and subnet mask.

Destination prefix is

10.50.0.0

with mask

255.255.0.0

(/16).

Cisco IOS IPv4 static route syntax requires the destination prefix followed by its subnet mask in dotted-decimal format.

Apply Cisco IOS fully specified static route syntax rules.

The correct parameter order after prefix and mask is the exit interface followed by the next-hop IP address.

Specifying both parameters explicitly prevents ARP resolution issues on multiaccess Ethernet segments and eliminates recursive lookup overhead.

Verify parameter placement and values.

Interface GigabitEthernet0/0 precedes next-hop IP

172.16.1.2

The next-hop must belong to the adjacent downstream router, not the local router.

Anahtar Kavram

Fully Specified IPv4 Static Route Syntax

Soru 127Soru →

A network administrator is designing default gateway redundancy for VLAN 50 using HSRPv1 and VRRPv2 across Cisco IOS switches. Which two statements correctly describe default operational behaviors or attributes of these protocols?

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

VRRPv2 enables preemption by default, allowing a higher-priority backup router to immediately assume the Master role upon startup.

HSRPv1 uses the virtual MAC address structure

0000.0c07.acXX

, where

XX

represents the group number in hexadecimal format.

HSRPv1 permits assigning the active router's physical interface IP address as the group's virtual IP address.

VRRPv2 disables preemption by default, requiring explicit configuration to enable failover to a higher-priority router.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: VRRPv2 enables preemption by default, allowing a higher-priority backup router to immediately assume the Master role upon startup.; HSRPv1 uses the virtual MAC address structure $0000.0c07.acXX$ , where $XX$ represents the group number in hexadecimal format.

Cevap

The two correct statements are that VRRPv2 enables preemption by default, allowing a higher-priority router to assume the Master role, and that HSRPv1 uses the virtual MAC address format 0000.0c07.acXX with the group number encoded in hexadecimal.

VRRPv2 enables preemption by default, enabling higher priority devices to immediately claim the Master role upon boot. Additionally, HSRPv1 uses the well-known virtual MAC prefix 0000.0c07.acXX, where XX represents the HSRP group number encoded in two hexadecimal digits.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Evaluate preemption defaults for HSRPv1 and VRRPv2.

HSRPv1 has preemption disabled by default, whereas VRRPv2 has preemption enabled by default.

Understanding default preemption prevents unexpected active/master router elections after node reboots.

Analyze virtual MAC address structure for HSRPv1.

HSRPv1 uses 0000.0c07.acXX (where XX is the group number in hex), whereas VRRPv2 uses 0000.5e00.01XX.

Proper identification of FHRP MAC address formats is required for troubleshooting L2 MAC address tables.

Verify virtual IP address assignment constraints.

HSRP prohibits setting the virtual IP equal to a router's physical IP, while VRRP allows the master router to IP-address-own the virtual IP.

Distinguishes Virtual Router IP ownership capabilities between HSRP and VRRP.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRPv1 and VRRPv2 default operational parameters and virtual MAC structures

Soru 128Soru →

A Cisco IOS router receives an IPv4 packet destined for $10.150.20.5$ . The routing table contains a static route `ip route 10.150.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2` pointing to a next-hop address. Place the steps describing how the router recursively resolves the next-hop and forwards the packet in the correct sequential order from first to last.

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Cevap

The correct sequence for recursive next-hop resolution is: receiving the packet and inspecting the destination header, performing the primary routing table lookup for the destination network, executing the recursive lookup for the next-hop IP address, resolving the Layer 2 MAC address on the egress interface, and encapsulating/transmitting the frame.

When a static route is configured with a next-hop IP address rather than a directly connected exit interface, Cisco IOS must perform a recursive lookup. The router first inspects the packet header and matches the destination subnet against the routing table. Next, it identifies the next-hop IP address associated with that static route entry. Because an IP address cannot directly dictate physical egress, a second (recursive) lookup is performed to find which local connected subnet and physical interface reach that next-hop IP. Once GigabitEthernet0/1 is identified, the router checks its ARP table to map the next-hop IP to a destination MAC address, encapsulating and transmitting the frame out the resolved egress interface.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Packet Ingress & Parsing

Destination IP

10.150.20.5

is extracted from the IPv4 header.

The router must inspect the destination IP address of an incoming packet to make a forwarding decision.

Primary Routing Lookup

Matches static route

10.150.20.0/24

with next-hop IP

172.16.1.2

The routing table is searched using Longest Prefix Match (LPM) logic.

Recursive Lookup

Resolves next-hop IP

172.16.1.2

to connected interface GigabitEthernet0/1.

When a static route specifies only a next-hop IP address, Cisco IOS requires a secondary lookup to resolve that IP address to a local exit interface.

Layer 2 Address Resolution

ARP table is queried/resolved for next-hop

172.16.1.2

MAC address.

Ethernet interfaces require a destination MAC address to build the Layer 2 frame header.

Frame Encapsulation & Egress

Packet is sent out GigabitEthernet0/1 toward the next-hop router.

The router rewrites the Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses and pushes the frame out the physical interface.

Anahtar Kavram

IPv4 Static Route Recursive Lookup & Packet Forwarding Logic

Soru 129Soru →

A network administrator needs to configure a backup floating static route on router R1 to reach the internal subnetwork $172.16.50.0/24$ . The primary route to this destination is learned via OSPF, which operates with its default administrative distance. Which command must be configured on R1 so that the static route remains inactive until the primary OSPF path fails?

ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2 120

ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2 110

ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2 90

ip route 172.16.50.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.12.2 120

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2 120

Cevap

ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2 120

OSPF routes have a default administrative distance of 110. A floating static route acts as a backup path by specifying an administrative distance higher than the primary path (in this case, 120). Cisco IOS uses the format 'ip route destination mask next-hop distance', making 'ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2 120' correct.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Determine the administrative distance (AD) of the primary routing protocol

OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110.

Floating static routes rely on administrative distance values to determine path selection priority.

Select an administrative distance value for the backup static route

The backup static route must have an AD greater than 110 (such as 120).

Routers prefer routes with lower administrative distance values. The static route will only be installed into the routing table if the lower-AD OSPF route becomes unavailable.

Verify Cisco IOS static route command syntax

The correct command syntax is 'ip route <destination-prefix> <subnet-mask> <next-hop-ip> [distance]'.

Subnet masks must be entered in standard dotted-decimal format rather than wildcard mask notation.

Anahtar Kavram

Floating Static Route Administrative Distance Configuration

Soru 130Soru →

A network engineer is configuring VRRPv2 on a Cisco IOS router to provide default gateway redundancy for hosts on a subnet. The physical interface GigabitEthernet0/0 is configured with the IP address $172.16.10.1/24$ . The engineer then executes the interface command `vrrp 10 ip 172.16.10.1`. What is the operational effect of configuring the VRRP virtual IP address to match the physical interface IP address?

The router accepts the command and automatically sets its VRRP priority to 255, making it the IP address owner and Master router.

The router rejects the command with an error message because virtual IP addresses must be distinct from physical interface IP addresses.

The router accepts the command with the default priority of 100, but preemption must be manually enabled for it to become the Master router.

The command is accepted into the running configuration, but virtual MAC address generation fails due to a protocol prefix mismatch.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The router accepts the command and automatically sets its VRRP priority to 255, making it the IP address owner and Master router.

Cevap

The router accepts the command and automatically sets its VRRP priority to 255, making it the IP address owner and Master router.

In VRRPv2/v3, a router can use its own physical interface IP address as the group virtual IP address. When configured this way, the router becomes the IP address owner, and its VRRP priority is automatically forced to 255 (the highest possible priority), ensuring it acts as the Master router.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze protocol rules for VRRP IP address assignment.

VRRP permits the virtual IP address to be identical to the primary IP address assigned to an interface on one of the routers in the VRRP group.

This router is designated as the 'IP address owner'.

Determine the priority change associated with IP address ownership.

When a router is the IP address owner in VRRP, its priority automatically increases to 255.

Priority 255 is reserved exclusively for the IP address owner to guarantee it becomes the Master router during election.

Anahtar Kavram

VRRP IP Address Ownership and Priority Assignment

Soru 131Soru →

Place the operational events in chronological order from first to last during an HSRP interface tracking failover scenario, assuming preemption is enabled on the standby router.

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct chronological order for HSRP interface tracking failover is: (1) The monitored uplink interface on the Active router fails; (2) The Active router decrements its HSRP priority; (3) The Active router broadcasts an HSRP Hello packet with the reduced priority; (4) The Standby router detects its higher priority and sends a Coup message; (5) The newly promoted Active router broadcasts a Gratuitous ARP to update Layer 2 MAC address tables.

HSRP interface tracking failover follows a precise operational order: First, the tracked uplink interface fails on the Active router. Second, the Active router decrements its configured HSRP priority locally. Third, it advertises this reduced priority in an HSRP Hello packet. Fourth, the Standby router (with preemption enabled) receives the Hello, recognizes its priority advantage, and sends a Coup message to claim the Active role. Finally, the newly active router sends a Gratuitous ARP (GARP) to refresh Layer 2 switch forwarding tables for the virtual MAC address.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the initial trigger for tracking failover.

The monitored uplink interface fails, activating the tracking object on the Active router.

Interface tracking relies on physical or logical link state changes to initiate priority modification.

Determine the immediate local router response to the trigger.

The Active router reduces its operational priority by the configured decrement value.

HSRP tracking dynamically adjusts priority values to allow healthier backup routers to take over.

Determine how the priority change is communicated to the network.

The Active router advertises the lowered priority in its next HSRP Hello packet.

Peers must receive an updated Hello packet to learn about priority changes on neighboring devices.

Analyze the reaction of the Standby router.

The Standby router notices its priority is superior and sends a Coup message to assume the Active role.

Preemption permits a router with higher priority to claim the Active role immediately upon detecting lower priority Hellos.

Identify how Layer 2 network topology adjusts to the new Active router.

The newly active router broadcasts a Gratuitous ARP to force switches to update their MAC tables for the Virtual MAC.

Layer 2 switch ports must point to the new physical port holding the Virtual MAC to prevent traffic blackholing.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRP Interface Tracking and Preemption Failover

Soru 132Soru →

A network administrator configures HSRP group 10 on two Cisco IOS routers to provide high availability for the $192.168.10.0/24$ network.

Router R1 configuration:
text interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 standby 10 ip 192.168.10.1 standby 10 priority 115 standby 10 preempt standby 10 track GigabitEthernet0/0 30

Router R2 configuration:
text interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ip address 192.168.10.3 255.255.255.0 standby 10 ip 192.168.10.1 standby 10 priority 100 standby 10 preempt

Initially, both routers and interfaces are fully operational, and R1 is the Active router. If interface GigabitEthernet0/0 on R1 experiences a link failure, which router will become the Active router for HSRP group 10, and what is R1's effective priority?

R2 becomes the Active router because R1's priority decrements to 85, which is lower than R2's priority of 100.

R1 remains the Active router because R1's priority decrements to 100, resulting in a tie where the current Active router retains its role.

R1 remains the Active router because R2 lacks interface tracking and cannot preempt an active router during an uplink failure.

R2 becomes the Active router because HSRP tracking immediately disables the standby group on R1 upon uplink failure.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: R2 becomes the Active router because R1's priority decrements to 85, which is lower than R2's priority of 100.

Cevap

R2 becomes the Active router because R1's priority decrements to 85, which is lower than R2's priority of 100.

When the tracked uplink GigabitEthernet0/0 on R1 fails, HSRP interface tracking decrements R1's priority from 115 by 30, bringing its effective priority down to 85. Since R2 has preemption enabled and its priority of 100 is higher than R1's new priority of 85, R2 preempts R1 and becomes the Active router for HSRP group 10.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Calculate the initial priorities and state of both HSRP routers.

R1 initial priority is 115 (Active). R2 priority is 100 (Standby). Both have preemption enabled.

Higher priority wins the Active role when preemption is enabled.

Evaluate the impact of GigabitEthernet0/0 failure on R1.

R1's tracked interface drops, reducing R1's priority by 30:

115 - 30 = 85

The command 'standby 10 track GigabitEthernet0/0 30' decrements the priority by 30 upon link down.

Determine the outcome of HSRP preemption.

R2's priority (100) is now higher than R1's effective priority (85). R2 sends coup messages and becomes Active.

R2 has 'standby 10 preempt' configured, allowing it to assume the Active role whenever its priority exceeds the current Active router's priority.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRP Priority Tracking and Preemption

Soru 133Soru →

A network administrator is evaluating default gateway redundancy protocol behavior on Cisco IOS switches for VLAN 10 ( $192.168.10.0/24$ ). Which two statements accurately contrast the default operational features of HSRPv1 and VRRPv2? (Choose two.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

VRRPv2 enables preemption by default, whereas HSRPv1 disables preemption by default.

HSRPv1 uses virtual MAC addresses formatted as 0000.0c07.acXX, whereas VRRPv2 uses virtual MAC addresses formatted as 0000.5e00.01XX.

HSRPv1 allows assigning an active physical interface IP address as the virtual IP address, whereas VRRPv2 forbids matching the virtual IP to any physical interface IP.

VRRPv2 designates the active forwarding router as the Active router, whereas HSRPv1 designates it as the Master router.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: VRRPv2 enables preemption by default, whereas HSRPv1 disables preemption by default.; HSRPv1 uses virtual MAC addresses formatted as 0000.0c07.acXX, whereas VRRPv2 uses virtual MAC addresses formatted as 0000.5e00.01XX.

Cevap

VRRPv2 enables preemption by default while HSRPv1 disables it by default, and HSRPv1 uses virtual MAC addresses in the format 0000.0c07.acXX while VRRPv2 uses 0000.5e00.01XX.

The correct statements accurately identify key default operational differences between Cisco proprietary HSRPv1 and open standard VRRPv2: VRRPv2 preemption is enabled by default while HSRPv1 preemption is disabled by default, and HSRPv1 uses the virtual MAC structure 0000.0c07.acXX compared to VRRPv2's 0000.5e00.01XX.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze preemption defaults for HSRPv1 and VRRPv2.

HSRPv1 requires explicit configuration of preemption to allow a higher priority router to claim the Active role. VRRPv2 has preemption enabled natively out of the box.

Understanding protocol default behaviors is essential for predicting failover and failback behavior during topology changes.

Analyze Virtual MAC address structures.

HSRPv1 uses vendor MAC prefix 0000.0c07.acXX, while VRRPv2 uses standard MAC prefix 0000.5e00.01XX.

Virtual MAC formatting allows Layer 2 switch forwarding tables to map the default gateway IP to the virtual router.

Evaluate role terminology and physical IP assignment constraints.

HSRP uses Active/Standby terminology and forbids virtual IP overlap with interface IPs. VRRP uses Master/Backup terminology and allows IP address ownership (priority 255).

This rules out distractors that swap role terminology or misstate virtual IP assignment capabilities.

Anahtar Kavram

First Hop Redundancy Protocols Default Features and Architectural Comparison

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 134Soru →

A network administrator captures traffic on an Ethernet segment and identifies an ARP reply originating from a virtual default gateway with the MAC address $0000.5E00.0114$ . Which protocol and group number generated this virtual MAC address?

VRRP with group number 20

HSRP version 1 with group number 20

VRRP with group number 14

HSRP version 2 with group number 14

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: VRRP with group number 20

Cevap

VRRP with group number 20 is correct because VRRP for IPv4 utilizes the virtual MAC address format

0000.5E00.01XX

, where the last byte

14

in hexadecimal corresponds to decimal group number 20.

VRRP for IPv4 assigns virtual MAC addresses using the IANA OUI prefix

0000.5E00.01XX

, where

XX

is the group identifier in 2-digit hexadecimal. Converting hexadecimal

14

to decimal results in group 20.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the protocol vendor prefix from the virtual MAC address

The MAC address

0000.5E00.0114

uses the prefix

0000.5E00.01XX

, which is standard for VRRP IPv4 router redundancy.

VRRP specifies

00-00-5E-00-01-XX

as its standard virtual MAC address block, whereas HSRP v1 uses

00-00-0C-07-AC-XX

and HSRP v2 uses

00-00-0C-9F-F X-XX

Convert the final byte from hexadecimal to decimal to determine the group number

14_{16} = (1 \times 16^1) + (4 \times 16^0) = 16 + 4 = 20

The last byte of the VRRP virtual MAC address encodes the group number in hexadecimal notation.

Anahtar Kavram

VRRP and HSRP Virtual MAC Address Formats and Group Encoding

Soru 135Soru →

A network administrator has configured HSRPv2 between two routers, R1 and R2. Router R1 is currently the Active router with a configured priority of 120, preemption enabled, and tracking on its primary WAN interface configured to decrement priority by 30 upon link failure. Router R2 is currently the Standby router with a configured priority of 105 and preemption enabled. When R1's tracked WAN interface fails, a precise sequence of operational events occurs across the routers and local LAN switches to complete the failover. What is the correct chronological sequence of these events from first to last?

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct sequence of events is: (1) R1's tracked WAN interface fails and internal priority decrements to 90, (2) R1 advertises priority 90 in an HSRP Hello packet, (3) R2 observes R1's lower priority and transmits an HSRP Coup message due to preemption, (4) R2 assumes Active status and transmits a Gratuitous ARP (GARP) frame to update switch CAM tables, and (5) R1 processes R2's higher-priority election and transitions to Standby status.

The failover process begins when R1's tracked interface fails, immediately decreasing its local priority from 120 to 90. R1 advertises this new priority of 90 in its subsequent HSRP Hello multicast packet. R2 reads R1's Hello packet, notices its own priority of 105 is higher than R1's 90, and generates an HSRP Coup message because preemption is enabled. R2 then transitions to Active status and broadcasts a Gratuitous ARP (GARP) frame so adjacent switches update their MAC address tables for the virtual MAC address. Finally, R1 receives R2's Active message and transitions to Standby status.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the initial interface failure and local priority recalculation.

R1's priority is decremented by 30 (120 - 30 = 90).

HSRP interface tracking continuously monitors the specified interface status and modifies the router priority locally upon state change.

Determine how priority changes are communicated across the subnet.

R1 sends an HSRP Hello packet advertising priority 90.

HSRP state updates and priority shifts must be transmitted via multicast Hello messages to peer routers.

Evaluate peer router reaction and preemption mechanism.

R2 compares priorities (105 vs 90) and sends a Coup message.

Because preemption is enabled on R2, R2 immediately attempts to claim the Active role when it sees an Active router with lower priority.

Analyze Layer 2 forwarding convergence.

R2 shifts to Active state and sends a Gratuitous ARP (GARP).

Layer 2 switches must learn that the virtual MAC address is now reachable via R2's switch port, which is accomplished via GARP frame broadcast.

Verify final state transition of the original Active router.

R1 transitions to Standby state.

R1 recognizes R2 as a valid Active router with higher priority (105 > 90) and completes demotion.

Anahtar Kavram

HSRP Interface Tracking, Preemption Coup Mechanics, and GARP Convergence

Soru 136Soru →

An engineer executes the command shown below to inspect the OSPFv2 operational status of interface GigabitEthernet0/1 on router R3:

text
R3# show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet0/1
GigabitEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 10.1.1.3/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 3.3.3.3, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 0
Designated Router (ID) 2.2.2.2, Interface address 10.1.1.2
Backup Designated Router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 10.1.1.1
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

Why does router R3 operate in the DROTHER state despite having a higher Router ID than both Designated Router R2 (2.2.2.2) and Backup Designated Router R1 (1.1.1.1)?

The interface priority on R3 is set to 0, which completely excludes the router from participating in DR and BDR elections.

The higher Router ID of 3.3.3.3 is overridden because R3 joined the multiaccess segment after R1 and R2 were elected as DR and BDR.

An interface priority of 0 allows a router to participate only in Backup Designated Router (BDR) elections, leaving the Designated Router role to R2.

R3 remains a DROTHER because its configured Hello timer interval of 10 seconds does not match the DR timer settings.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The interface priority on R3 is set to 0, which completely excludes the router from participating in DR and BDR elections.

Cevap

The interface priority on R3 is set to 0, which completely excludes the router from participating in DR and BDR elections.

In OSPFv2 multiaccess networks, DR and BDR elections evaluate interface priority first (highest priority wins, default is 1). Configuring an interface priority of 0 explicitly prevents that router interface from taking on either the DR or BDR role, keeping it permanently as a DROTHER regardless of how high its Router ID is.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Examine the output of the 'show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet0/1' command on router R3.

The command output confirms 'State DROTHER, Priority 0' alongside Router ID 3.3.3.3, DR ID 2.2.2.2, and BDR ID 1.1.1.1.

This reveals R3's current operational state, its configured priority, and the current election roles on the segment.

Evaluate the impact of interface priority on OSPF DR/BDR election eligibility.

An OSPF interface priority of 0 explicitly disqualifies a router from participating in DR and BDR elections.

By rule, any router with a priority of 0 is immediately excluded from election candidacy regardless of its Router ID value.

Determine why R3 remains in the DROTHER state.

Because R3's priority is set to 0, its higher Router ID (3.3.3.3) is ignored during elections, placing R3 in the DROTHER state.

Router ID serves as a tie-breaker only among routers that have non-zero priority values.

Anahtar Kavram

OSPFv2 DR/BDR Election Rules and Priority 0 Exclusion

Soru 137Soru →

Router R3 has OSPFv2 configured and active. When the OSPF process initialized, the operational statuses of its interfaces were as follows:

- GigabitEthernet0/0 (IP: 192.168.10.1/24): Up / Line Protocol: Up
- GigabitEthernet0/1 (IP: 10.254.254.1/24): Up / Line Protocol: Up
- Loopback10 (IP: 172.16.1.1/24): Up / Line Protocol: Down
- Loopback20 (IP: 172.16.2.1/24): Up / Line Protocol: Up
- Loopback30 (IP: 172.16.3.1/24): Administratively Down / Line Protocol: Down

Shortly after initialization, a network administrator configured the command `router-id 1.1.1.1` under `router ospf 1`. No additional commands or resets were executed on the router.

What is the active OSPFv2 Router ID currently used by Router R3?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 172.16.2.1

Cevap

172.16.2.1

The active OSPF Router ID is 172.16.2.1. OSPF selects a Router ID during process initialization using the following tie-breaker order: (1) an explicitly configured `router-id` command, (2) the highest IP address of any operationally active (Up/Up) loopback interface, and (3) the highest IP address of any operationally active physical interface. At initialization, Loopback20 (172.16.2.1) was the only up/up loopback interface. Although `router-id 1.1.1.1` was subsequently configured, OSPF Router ID updates are non-preemptive and require executing `clear ip ospf process` to take effect.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Evaluate interface operational states for OSPF Router ID candidacy.

Only interfaces in an 'Up / Line Protocol: Up' state are eligible. Loopback10 (line protocol down) and Loopback20 (up/up) are evaluated. Loopback20 is the only active loopback interface.

OSPF requires an interface to be operationally active to use its IP address as a Router ID.

Determine the initial active OSPF Router ID during process startup.

Because no explicit `router-id` command was configured at startup, OSPF selected the highest IP address among active loopback interfaces, which is 172.16.2.1 (Loopback20).

Active loopbacks take precedence over physical interfaces regardless of IP address values.

Evaluate the effect of configuring `router-id 1.1.1.1` after process initialization.

The active OSPF Router ID remains 172.16.2.1.

OSPF Router ID election is non-preemptive. Changing the `router-id` CLI setting takes effect only after reloading the device or resetting the OSPF process using the `clear ip ospf process` command.

Anahtar Kavram

OSPFv2 Router ID Election Order and Non-Preemptive Behavior

Soru 138Soru →

Five Cisco routers—R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5—are connected to a single Layer 2 Ethernet switch on the 10.1.1.0/24 multiaccess network segment running OSPFv2 in Area 0.

The initial boot sequence and interface configurations are as follows:
- R1 boots first with interface OSPF priority 1 and Router ID 1.1.1.1.
- R2 boots second with interface OSPF priority 1 and Router ID 2.2.2.2.
- Once R1 and R2 finish establishing adjacencies, R3 (priority 2, Router ID 3.3.3.3), R4 (priority 0, Router ID 4.4.4.4), and R5 (priority 255, Router ID 5.5.5.5) are booted simultaneously.

After all adjacencies reach the FULL state across the segment, R1 suffers a power failure and goes offline. Assuming no OSPF processes were reset manually prior to the failure, which router will be promoted to DR and which router will be elected as the new BDR?

R2 becomes the DR, and R5 becomes the new BDR.

R5 becomes the DR, and R3 becomes the new BDR.

R2 becomes the DR, and R4 becomes the new BDR.

R3 becomes the DR, and R5 becomes the new BDR.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: R2 becomes the DR, and R5 becomes the new BDR.

Cevap

R2 becomes the designated router (DR), and R5 becomes the backup designated router (BDR).

In OSPF multiaccess networks, elections are strictly non-preemptive. R1 and R2 initially take the DR and BDR roles. When R3, R4, and R5 boot later, they remain DROTHERs. When R1 fails, the active BDR (R2) is automatically promoted to DR. A new election for BDR is then conducted among the remaining DROTHERs (R3, R4, and R5). R4 is ineligible because its priority is set to 0. Between R3 (priority 2) and R5 (priority 255), R5 wins the BDR election due to having the highest interface priority.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Determine initial DR and BDR assignments during boot sequence.

R1 boots first and becomes DR. R2 boots second and becomes BDR. R3, R4, and R5 join later and become DROTHERs despite having higher priorities because OSPF elections are non-preemptive.

OSPF DR/BDR election occurs as routers come online. Once DR and BDR are elected, newly attached routers with higher priorities will not displace existing DR/BDR roles.

Analyze what happens to the DR role when R1 (DR) fails.

R2 (the existing BDR) is immediately promoted to DR.

Upon DR failure, the existing BDR always steps up to become the new DR to prevent election delays and instability.

Evaluate the new BDR election among remaining routers (R3, R4, R5).

R4 has priority 0 and is ineligible. Between R3 (priority 2) and R5 (priority 255), R5 has the highest priority and is elected as the new BDR.

An interface priority of 0 (ip ospf priority 0) disqualifies a router from DR/BDR election. Among eligible routers, highest priority wins.

Anahtar Kavram

OSPF Non-Preemptive DR/BDR Election Mechanics and Priority Rules

Tahmini Süre:2m 0s

Soru 139Soru →

Router R1 learns the destination prefix $172.16.10.0/24$ dynamically via OSPF with a default Administrative Distance of 110. A network administrator needs to implement a floating static route to $172.16.10.0/24$ via next-hop IP $192.168.12.2$ to serve as a backup path.

Which TWO statements correctly describe the configuration requirements and routing table behavior for this floating static route? (Select TWO.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

The floating static route must be configured with an Administrative Distance greater than 110 (such as 120).

The floating static route remains in R1's running configuration but is excluded from the active routing table while the primary OSPF route is active.

Configuring an Administrative Distance of 90 for the static route ensures it functions as an inactive backup route until OSPF fails.

If the static route is assigned an Administrative Distance equal to 110, the router will perform equal-cost load balancing between OSPF and the static route.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The floating static route must be configured with an Administrative Distance greater than 110 (such as 120).; The floating static route remains in R1's running configuration but is excluded from the active routing table while the primary OSPF route is active.

Cevap

The floating static route must be configured with an Administrative Distance higher than the primary routing protocol (greater than 110 for OSPF), and it will remain stored in the router configuration without appearing in the routing table until the primary route fails.

A floating static route acts as a backup path and is created by manually configuring a static route with an Administrative Distance higher than that of the primary routing protocol. Since the primary route is OSPF with an AD of 110, setting the static route AD higher (e.g., 120) prevents it from being installed in the active routing table under normal operating conditions. It remains stored in the router configuration and is installed into the routing table only if the primary OSPF route disappears.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the Administrative Distance (AD) of the primary path protocol.

OSPF has a default Administrative Distance of 110.

Administrative Distance indicates the trustworthiness of the route source. Lower AD values are preferred.

Determine the AD required for a floating static backup route.

The AD must be set to a value strictly greater than 110 (e.g., 120 or 130).

Setting the AD higher ensures the static route is less preferred than OSPF during normal network operations.

Analyze how Cisco IOS processes inactive floating static routes.

The backup static route is maintained in the running configuration but omitted from the active IP routing table.

The routing table only installs the route with the lowest AD for any given destination network prefix.

Anahtar Kavram

Floating Static Route Administrative Distance Requirements

Soru 140Soru →

An enterprise network has four routers—R1, R2, R3, and R4—connected to a shared Layer 2 Ethernet switch on the 10.10.10.0/24 subnet operating with default OSPFv2 configurations on a broadcast network type. Currently, R1 is functioning as the Designated Router (DR) with an interface priority of 1 and Router ID 1.1.1.1. R2 is functioning as the Backup Designated Router (BDR) with an interface priority of 1 and Router ID 2.2.2.2. R3 has its interface priority set to 0 and Router ID 3.3.3.3.

A network administrator brings up a fifth router, R5, on the same Ethernet segment with a Router ID of 5.5.5.5 and executes the following commands:

text
R5(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
R5(config-if)# ip ospf priority 255

After R5 establishes FULL adjacencies with the existing routers, which two statements correctly describe the resulting OSPF DR/BDR election state and operation on this segment? (Select TWO.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

R1 remains the Designated Router (DR) and R2 remains the Backup Designated Router (BDR) despite R5 having a higher priority.

R5 immediately preempts R1 as DR because an interface priority of 255 takes immediate precedence over active routers with a priority of 1.

R5 will become the DR only if both R1 and R2 fail or have their OSPF processes restarted.

R3 will be elected as BDR if R2 fails because R3 was added to the network segment prior to R5.

R5 automatically converts the multiaccess segment from Broadcast to Point-to-Point mode because its priority is set to 255.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: R1 remains the Designated Router (DR) and R2 remains the Backup Designated Router (BDR) despite R5 having a higher priority.; R5 will become the DR only if both R1 and R2 fail or have their OSPF processes restarted.

Cevap

R1 remains the DR and R2 remains the BDR due to OSPF non-preemption rules, and R5 will only assume the DR role if both current DR and BDR roles are vacated.

OSPFv2 DR and BDR elections on broadcast multiaccess networks are non-preemptive. Once R1 and R2 are elected as DR and BDR respectively, introducing a new router with a higher interface priority (R5 with priority 255) will not disrupt active roles. R5 will operate as a DROTHER until a role vacancy occurs. If R1 fails, R2 is promoted to DR, and R5 would then be elected BDR. Thus, R5 can only become DR if both active DR and BDR roles are cleared.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Evaluate the current DR/BDR roles and preemption rules in OSPFv2.

R1 is active DR and R2 is active BDR. OSPF DR/BDR elections are non-preemptive, meaning an existing DR or BDR will not be unseated by a newly introduced router even if the new router has a higher priority (such as 255).

Non-preemption prevents network instability and topology recalculations on multiaccess segments whenever a router reboots or joins.

Determine the effect of adding R5 with priority 255 to the segment.

R5 joins as a DROTHER initially because both DR and BDR roles are already occupied.

Elections for DR/BDR only occur when an existing DR or BDR role becomes vacant.

Analyze how role transition would occur upon failure of existing routers.

If R1 (DR) fails, R2 (BDR) is immediately promoted to DR. A new election occurs for BDR, which R5 will win due to its priority of 255. For R5 to become DR directly, both R1 and R2 must fail or be reset.

BDR promotion occurs before a new BDR is elected.

Anahtar Kavram

OSPFv2 DR/BDR Election Non-Preemption and Priority 0 Rules

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