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In the late nineteenth century, the expansion of the American timber industry prompted growing concerns over forest depletion, leading to the creation of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891. While economic historians often attribute the passage of this landmark legislation primarily to the lobbying efforts of executive-branch conservationists seeking federal control over public lands, archival evidence reveals that western mining conglomerates played a decisive role in advocating for the bill. Unlike homesteaders who relied on small-scale timber clearing for personal agriculture, large-scale mining operations required vast, continuous supplies of timber for structural mine shafting and subterranean shoring. Fearing that unchecked private land speculation by timber syndicates would exhaust accessible lumber supplies and inflate local timber prices, influential mining executives petitioned Congress to establish protected forest reserves. By setting aside designated public lands under federal supervision, the federal government inadvertently secured a stabilized timber supply reserved specifically for nearby industrial uses, including mining. Consequently, the establishment of early national forest reserves was driven not merely by environmental altruism, but also by commercial enterprises seeking to safeguard their operational inputs against market volatility.

According to the passage, western mining conglomerates supported the passage of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 because they wanted to:

  1. protect their access to a stable supply of lumber required for underground mining structures against price increases caused by timber syndicatesCevap
  2. B
    promote environmental altruism and reduce total industrial consumption of forest resources in the region
  3. C
    prevent homesteaders from clearing timbered public lands for personal agricultural development
  4. D
    transfer management of public forest reserves from the federal government to local mining enterprise boards
  5. E
    eliminate the operational need for subterranean shoring in large-scale mining shafts

Cevap

protect their access to a stable supply of lumber required for underground mining structures against price increases caused by timber syndicates
The correct answer accurately reflects the explicit passage statement that mining executives feared private land speculation by timber syndicates would exhaust accessible lumber supplies needed for subterranean shoring and inflate timber prices.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Locate the explicit mention of western mining conglomerates and their reasons for supporting the bill in the passage.
The text states that mining operations needed timber for subterranean shoring and feared speculation by timber syndicates would exhaust supplies and inflate prices.
Direct factual retrieval requires identifying the exact sentence detailing the entity's motivation.
2
Match the explicit passage detail with the correct paraphrased option.
The statement about protecting timber access for mine shafting against syndicate-driven price inflation directly captures the passage evidence.
GMAT correct choices rephrase passage facts using semantic equivalents.

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