Reading Comprehension

Passage:
In 1952, English architect and self-taught linguist Michael Ventris deciphered Linear B, an ancient script found on clay tablets at Knossos and Pylos. Prior to Ventris’s breakthrough, prevailing scholarly opinion, spearheaded by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, held that Linear B encoded an unknown, non-Greek Minoan language unrelated to any known Indo-European tongue. Ventris initially shared this belief, attempting to analyze the syllabic signs under the assumption that the language was related to Etruscan. However, by constructing a grid to chart the contextual distribution and phonetic associations of recurring signs, Ventris discovered that certain sign combinations corresponded to geographical place names in Crete. When he substituted syllabic values derived from these place names into other tablet inscriptions, the resulting words closely matched an archaic form of Mycenaean Greek. Contrary to Evans's long-standing hypothesis, Ventris demonstrated that the Linear B tablets were administrative inventory records written in Greek, establishing that Greek literacy existed centuries earlier than previously believed.

According to the passage, which of the following statements about Michael Ventris's decipherment of Linear B are explicitly supported?

Select all that apply.

In 1915, chemist Alice Ball developed an injectable form of oil derived from seeds of the *Hydnocarpus* tree, providing the first effective treatment for Hansen's disease (leprosy). Prior to Ball’s innovation, patients were treated with raw chaulmoogra oil, which was too viscous for intravenous administration and produced unbearable digestive distress when ingested orally. Ball solved this problem by isolating the active ethyl esters of the chaulmoogra fatty acids, rendering the compound water-soluble and capable of absorption into the bloodstream without causing severe localized tissue necrosis. Although her supervisor, Arthur L. Dean, published the method following Ball's death in 1916 without granting her co-authorship, local physician Harry T. Hollmann publicly documented Ball's priority in 1922, designating the technique the "Ball Method."

According to the passage, prior to the development of the "Ball Method," treatment of Hansen's disease with chaulmoogra oil presented which of the following complications?

Select all choices that apply.

Passage:
In 1891, German amateur scientist Agnes Pockels published a landmark paper detailing her development of a rectangular slide trough designed to measure the surface tension of water. Operating without access to a formal laboratory, Pockels devised a mechanism featuring a movable strip of tin that traversed the surface of a water-filled tray, allowing her to systematically manipulate surface impurities. By measuring the force required to detach a small ring from the liquid surface at varying concentrations of oil, she demonstrated that surface tension remains largely constant until oil molecules form a contiguous monomolecular layer, after which tension drops precipitously. Lord Rayleigh, to whom Pockels had originally sent her observations in a letter written in German, facilitated the paper's publication after recognizing that her device provided a far more precise quantitative measurement of monolayer coverage than previous methods, which relied on static liquid drops.

According to the passage, Pockels evaluated the behavior of surface tension across different oil concentrations by measuring which of the following?

Passage:
In 1856, American scientist Eunice Newton Foote presented a paper demonstrating the heat-trapping capabilities of atmospheric gases. Using glass cylinders exposed to sunlight, Foote measured the temperature changes in containers filled with compressed air, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Her measurements revealed that the cylinder containing moist carbon dioxide experienced the highest temperature increase and took the longest duration to cool down after being removed from sunlight. Based on these observations, Foote explicitly posited that an atmosphere enriched with carbon dioxide would impart a significantly higher temperature to Earth. Although John Tyndall is frequently credited with discovering the atmospheric greenhouse effect through his later 1859 experiments using infrared spectrophotometry, Foote’s earlier empirical work established the direct relationship between carbon dioxide concentrations and solar radiative heating, despite her apparatus omitting isolated infrared radiation sources.

Which of the following statements about Eunice Newton Foote's 1856 experiment are explicitly supported by the passage? Select all that apply.

Passage:

In November 1974, paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson and graduate student Tom Gray identified a partial hominin skeleton at the site of Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia. Cataloged as AL 288-1 and popularly dubbed 'Lucy,' the specimen comprised forty percent of a single female individual's skeletal structure, making it remarkably complete for an early hominin fossil. Geological analysis of the volcanic ash layers surrounding the stratum dated the specimen to approximately 3.2 million years ago. Anatomical examination of the pelvic structure and knee joint provided definitive evidence of habitual bipedalism, resolving a long-standing debate regarding whether upright locomotion preceded cerebral expansion in hominin evolution. Despite possessing a small cranial capacity comparable to modern chimpanzees, AL 288-1 exhibited clear postcranial adaptations for bipedal walking, demonstrating that erect posture was established well prior to the marked brain enlargement observed in later species of the genus Homo.

According to the passage, which of the following was directly established by the anatomical examination of AL 288-1's pelvic structure and knee joint?