Soru

Passage:
In the mid-nineteenth century, marine biology was dominated by the Azoic hypothesis formulated by naturalist Edward Forbes. Based on his dredging operations in the Aegean Sea during the early 1840s, Forbes asserted that ocean depths beneath three hundred fathoms were devoid of animal life. He reasoned that increasing hydrostatic pressure, complete darkness, and falling temperatures created an uninhabitable abyss where biological existence was impossible. For two decades, this formulation was widely accepted as an established biogeographical law.

However, accumulating maritime observations gradually undermined Forbes's theoretical framework. In 1850, Norwegian zoologist Michael Sars conducted dredging off the Lofoten Islands, successfully retrieving living specimens of stalked crinoids from depths exceeding four hundred fathoms. Sars's discovery provided the first documented evidence of complex benthic organisms inhabiting depths previously designated as lifeless. A decade later, during the 1860 North Atlantic survey aboard HMS Bulldog, medical officer and naturalist George Charles Wallich documented living brittle stars clinging to a sounding line hauled from twelve hundred and sixty fathoms. Wallich observed that these echinoderms exhibited active motility and contained ingested sediment in their digestive tracts, proving they were not merely surface organisms that had sunk posthumously.

The definitive dismantling of the Azoic hypothesis occurred between 1868 and 1870 through the deep-sea dredging expeditions of HMS Lightning and HMS Porcupine, directed by naturalists William Benjamin Carpenter and Charles Wyville Thomson. Operating at depths reaching nearly three thousand fathoms in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, Carpenter and Thomson discovered abundant, diverse faunal assemblages. Crucially, their temperature measurements revealed that bottom waters at identical depths exhibited marked thermal differences depending on deep-sea currents. Carpenter and Thomson thus demonstrated that the geographical distribution of abyssal fauna was governed primarily by oceanic thermal gradients rather than hydrostatic pressure or depth alone.

Based on the explicit details provided in the passage, match each naturalist or research team to their specific empirical finding or theoretical claim.