Pair each argumentative excerpt on the left with the description that most accurately identifies its primary logical vulnerability on the right.
- The city council must either approve the proposed zoning amendment for the waterfront commercial district immediately or accept that the downtown retail economy will completely collapse by the end of the fiscal year.Presumes without justification that only two extreme possibilities exist when intermediate alternatives remain available.
- Every individual component in this new microprocessing unit consumes less than one milliwatt of electrical power. Therefore, the entire microprocessing architecture is guaranteed to consume less than one milliwatt of power.Infers that an entire composite structure possesses a specific attribute solely because each of its constituent parts possesses that attribute.
- Dr. Alvarez published empirical research demonstrating that urban canopy expansion significantly lowers peak summer asphalt temperatures. However, Dr. Alvarez serves on the advisory board of a regional park advocacy group; therefore, her research conclusions cannot be accepted as reliable.Rejects an empirical finding on the grounds that the researcher who presented it holds personal affiliations with an interested advocacy organization.
- A ten-year demographic study revealed that metropolitan areas with higher annual precipitation consistently record higher per-capita use of municipal transit systems. Consequently, increased precipitation clearly induces commuters to abandon personal vehicles in favor of public transit.Concludes that a causal relationship exists between two phenomena based merely on an observed statistical association between them.
Cevap
Each flawed argument corresponds precisely to its respective fallacy: the zoning argument assumes a false dilemma; the processor argument commits a fallacy of composition; the urban canopy argument commits an ad hominem attack on the researcher; and the transit argument confuses correlation with causation.
Each match correctly aligns the specific logical vulnerability of the stimulus with its precise formal description. The zoning argument artificially limits options to two extremes; the processor argument mistakenly transfers a part-level attribute to the entire system; the canopy argument rejects empirical evidence based on source affiliation; and the precipitation argument improperly infers causality from an observational correlation.
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Anahtar Kavram
Flaw in the Reasoning: Structural Fallacy Identification (False Dilemma, Composition, Ad Hominem, Correlation-Causation)
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