Match each of the logically flawed arguments below to the abstract description that most accurately identifies its specific error in reasoning regarding the relationship between parts and wholes.
- Each individual brick used to construct the new garden retaining wall can easily be lifted by a single person. Therefore, the completed retaining wall can easily be lifted by a single person.Takes for granted that a physical structure as a whole will possess a characteristic that is possessed by each of its constituent elements.
- The country's biotechnology sector is currently experiencing rapid, unprecedented economic expansion. It necessarily follows that BioGenetics Inc., a modest local startup within that sector, is experiencing unprecedented economic expansion.Illegitimately infers that a particular entity possesses a characteristic solely on the grounds that the entity belongs to a broader category possessing that characteristic.
- None of the individual pieces of evidence presented by the prosecution is, on its own, sufficient to prove the defendant's guilt. Thus, the prosecution's entire body of evidence fails to prove the defendant's guilt.Fails to consider that an aggregate of items might collectively achieve a standard even if no single item in the aggregate meets that standard.
- The university's philosophy department is widely recognized by academic journals as having the most ideologically diverse faculty in the nation. Consequently, Professor Higgins, a member of that department, must personally hold ideologically diverse views.Confuses a property that applies to a collective body with a property that applies to the constituent members of that body individually.
Cevap
The arguments logically pair with their descriptions by correctly distinguishing whether the reasoning illegitimately moves from part-to-whole (composition) or whole-to-part (division), and by accurately identifying the specific domain (e.g., physical structures, abstract categories, aggregates of evidence, or collective bodies) in which the flaw occurs.
Each match correctly aligns the specific direction of the logical leap (from parts to a whole, or from a whole to its parts) and the specific nature of the subjects involved (physical objects, categories, evidentiary aggregates, or groups of people) with the corresponding generalized LSAT flaw description.
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Anahtar Kavram
Composition and Division (Part to Whole)