Botanist: Any deciduous tree species native to the high-elevation alpine plateau can survive prolonged winter frosts without losing root viability. The mountain alder thrives in conditions of prolonged winter frost without losing root viability. Therefore, the mountain alder must be native to the high-elevation alpine plateau.
Which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the botanist's argument?
- AAny ornamental shrub planted in alkaline soil requires supplementary iron chelate treatments to prevent leaf chlorosis. The silver birch planted in the botanical garden exhibits severe leaf chlorosis. Hence, the silver birch was not planted in alkaline soil.
- BEvery municipal water purification facility that incorporates ultraviolet sterilization meets national drinking water safety benchmarks. The Riverside water facility does not incorporate ultraviolet sterilization. Therefore, the Riverside water facility fails to meet national drinking water safety benchmarks.
- Every high-throughput communications satellite deployed in geostationary orbit requires radiation-hardened semiconductor circuitry. The Astraea communications satellite utilizes radiation-hardened semiconductor circuitry. Thus, the Astraea satellite must be deployed in geostationary orbit.Cevap
- DNo commercial airline pilot can operate transatlantic long-haul flights without completing specialized high-altitude navigational certification. Captain Vance has completed specialized high-altitude navigational certification. Therefore, Captain Vance operates all of the airline's transatlantic long-haul flights.
- EAny antique parchment manuscript dating from the fourteenth century contains ink formulated with oak gall tannins. The illuminated document in the archival collection does not contain ink formulated with oak gall tannins. Consequently, the document cannot date from the fourteenth century.
Cevap
The argument concluding that the Astraea satellite must be deployed in geostationary orbit because it utilizes radiation-hardened circuitry exhibits the identical conditional flaw of affirming the consequent.
The correct response exhibits the identical formal conditional flaw: it takes a conditional rule where property Q is necessary for category P (Geostationary -> Radiation-hardened circuitry), affirms that an entity possesses property Q (Astraea has radiation-hardened circuitry), and erroneously infers that the entity must belong to category P (Astraea is geostationary).
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Anahtar Kavram
Parallel Flaw analysis: identifying formal conditional errors, specifically Affirming the Consequent (mistaking a necessary condition for a sufficient condition).