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Zorluk: Çok zorParallel Reasoning and Parallel Flaw

According to the city charter, any urban renewal proposal that secures a two-thirds majority in the city council and receives the mayor's endorsement will inevitably be enacted into law. The recent waterfront redevelopment proposal was enacted into law last week. However, we know that the proposal failed to secure a two-thirds majority in the city council. Therefore, the proposal must have received the mayor's endorsement.

The flawed reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above?

  1. A software application that undergoes rigorous beta testing and features an intuitive user interface will invariably receive positive reviews. The new accounting software received positive reviews despite not undergoing rigorous beta testing. Consequently, it must feature an intuitive user interface.Cevap
  2. B
    Any municipal budget that reduces taxes or increases public services will be overwhelmingly popular. This year's municipal budget is overwhelmingly popular, yet it does not reduce taxes. Thus, it must increase public services.
  3. C
    A novel will become a bestseller only if it features a compelling plot and benefits from an extensive marketing campaign. The latest thriller benefited from an extensive marketing campaign but did not become a bestseller. Therefore, it lacked a compelling plot.
  4. D
    If a startup is to succeed in today's competitive market, it must have both innovative technology and experienced leadership. TechCorp possesses both innovative technology and experienced leadership. Therefore, TechCorp will succeed in the market.
  5. E
    A candidate who demonstrates excellent communication skills and possesses relevant industry experience will be hired. The recent applicant was not hired, and did not possess relevant industry experience. Thus, the applicant must have lacked excellent communication skills as well.

Cevap

The argument concerning the software application undergoing rigorous beta testing perfectly mirrors the flawed structure of the stimulus.
The correct answer exactly tracks the formal flaw of the stimulus. Both arguments set up a scenario where two conditions together are sufficient to guarantee an outcome (A AND B -> C). Both arguments observe that the outcome occurred (C is true), note that one of the sufficient conditions did not occur (A is false), and fallaciously conclude that the second sufficient condition must have occurred to compensate (Therefore, B is true).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the formal logical structure of the stimulus.
Premise 1: (Two-thirds majority AND Mayor's endorsement) -> Enacted into law. Premise 2: Enacted into law. Premise 3: NOT Two-thirds majority. Conclusion: Mayor's endorsement.
Mapping the abstract logical components is required before attempting to find a structural match.
2
Identify the specific logical flaw committed in the stimulus.
The argument commits a complex variation of Affirming the Consequent. It incorrectly assumes that because the outcome happened, the specific sufficient conditions mentioned must be the cause. Furthermore, it assumes that since one part of the sufficient 'AND' trigger failed, the other part must be responsible, ignoring that the outcome could have been achieved through entirely different means.
Understanding the exact mechanism of the flaw ensures distractors with different flaws are eliminated.
3
Evaluate the options to find an exact structural and functional match to the flawed reasoning.
The software application argument maps perfectly: Premise 1: (Beta testing AND Intuitive interface) -> Positive reviews. Premise 2: Positive reviews. Premise 3: NOT Beta testing. Conclusion: Intuitive interface.
A Parallel Flaw question requires matching the logical skeleton exactly, including conjunctions/disjunctions and the specific nature of the error.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Flaw - Compound Conditional Reasoning and Affirming the Consequent
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Konular

Parallel Reasoning and Parallel Flaw

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