Geochemist: Most mineral deposits formed during the Cryogenian period contain anomalous isotopic ratios of iron. Furthermore, every rock formation containing anomalous isotopic ratios of iron resists chemical weathering when exposed to acidic groundwater. The bedrock specimen recently excavated from the valley floor strongly resists chemical weathering from acidic groundwater. Thus, the specimen was probably formed during the Cryogenian period.
Which of the following arguments displays a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the geochemist's argument?
- AEcologist: Every wetlands restoration project that restores native sedge grasses stabilizes local riverbank soil. Furthermore, every project that stabilizes local riverbank soil significantly reduces seasonal downstream siltation. The conservation initiative along the lower basin has significantly reduced seasonal downstream siltation. Therefore, the conservation initiative must have restored native sedge grasses.
- BMineralogist: Any mineral sample that formed under extreme metamorphic pressure contains microscopic diamond inclusions. Furthermore, most mineral samples containing microscopic diamond inclusions exhibit distinctive thermal conductivity. The crystal specimen found in the quarry does not exhibit distinctive thermal conductivity. Hence, the specimen did not form under extreme metamorphic pressure.
- Urban Planner: Most historic district commercial buildings designed in the Art Deco style incorporate decorative terrazzo flooring. In addition, any building that incorporates decorative terrazzo flooring requires specialized seismic retrofitting during structural renovations. The municipal hall under renovation requires specialized seismic retrofitting. Therefore, the municipal hall was probably designed in the Art Deco style.Cevap
- DAgronomist: Some heirloom wheat cultivars that thrive in arid climates produce dense root networks. In addition, any cereal crop that produces dense root networks always maintains soil moisture during prolonged droughts. The experimental grain plot maintains soil moisture during prolonged droughts. Therefore, the experimental plot must contain heirloom wheat cultivars.
- EAviation Inspector: Most regional cargo aircraft that operate in subzero temperatures are equipped with pneumatic de-icing boots. However, no aircraft equipped with pneumatic de-icing boots is permitted to fly without redundant heating coils. Since the transport plane on the runway lacks redundant heating coils, it is likely not equipped with pneumatic de-icing boots.
Cevap
The argument presented by the urban planner concluding that the municipal hall was probably designed in the Art Deco style.
The correct argument replicates the underlying deductive skeleton and specific logical defect. The stimulus reasons from 'Most A are B' and 'All B are C' (implying Most A are C) and illicitly infers that an individual exhibiting property C is probably an instance of A. The urban planner argument mirrors this exact progression: 'Most Art Deco buildings have terrazzo floors' and 'All buildings with terrazzo floors require seismic retrofits' (implying Most Art Deco buildings require seismic retrofits), concluding from the fact that a municipal hall requires seismic retrofits that it was probably designed in the Art Deco style.
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Parallel Flaw Analysis: Quantifier Syllogism and Affirming the Consequent
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