Below are four excerpts from a panel discussion regarding a proposal to implement a universal basic income (UBI). Match each excerpt to the abstract description of the method of reasoning it primarily employs.
- Implementing UBI to solve systemic inequality is akin to giving painkillers to a patient with a fractured limb; it masks the immediate discomfort but entirely fails to address the underlying structural damage.Illustrating a fatal flaw in a proposed intervention by comparing it to a superficially appealing but ultimately ineffective medical treatment.
- The assertion that guaranteed baseline wealth inherently degrades a population's work ethic is decisively undermined by the Dauphin municipal pilot, wherein employment rates held steady while public health metrics surged.Refuting a broad causal generalization by citing a specific historical instance that directly contradicts the posited relationship.
- If we embrace the premise that the state is unconditionally obligated to fulfill every material need, we must logically concede that the state possesses the authority to dictate the specific labor individuals must perform to fund those very needs.Attacking a theoretical principle by demonstrating that its consistent application yields an unacceptable logical consequence.
- Advocates point to last year's unprecedented economic expansion as definitive proof that the pilot program succeeded; however, they conveniently ignore the simultaneous surge in global demand for our chief export.Challenging a causal inference by introducing an independent variable that independently accounts for the observed phenomenon.
Cevap
Excerpt 1 uses an analogy comparing policy to medicine; Excerpt 2 offers a specific counterexample to a general rule; Excerpt 3 draws out an absurd or unacceptable consequence of a premise; Excerpt 4 provides an alternative causal explanation for an observed effect.
Each excerpt perfectly illustrates a classic argumentative technique tested on the LSAT: analogical reasoning (comparing policy to medicine), counterexample (using Dauphin to refute a rule), reductio ad absurdum (extending a premise to forced labor), and alternative causal explanation (export demand driving the economy).
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Anahtar Kavram
General Method of Reasoning