Editorial: Any municipal infrastructure initiative that receives federal matching funds must undergo an environmental impact assessment. Most municipal initiatives that undergo an environmental impact assessment experience significant construction delays. Therefore, any municipal infrastructure initiative that receives federal matching funds will likely experience significant construction delays.
Which of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the editorial's argument?
- AMost corporate legal departments that adopt automated document review systems reduce their reliance on outside counsel. Every corporate legal department that reduces its reliance on outside counsel reports decreased operational costs. Therefore, any corporate legal department that adopts automated document review systems is guaranteed to report decreased operational costs.
- BAny municipal infrastructure project that experiences significant construction delays requires an independent fiscal audit. The proposed metropolitan light rail initiative has been required to undergo an independent fiscal audit. Thus, the proposed light rail initiative must have experienced significant construction delays.
- Every commercial airliner that operates international routes must maintain satellite communication systems. Most commercial airliners that maintain satellite communication systems undergo quarterly avionics inspections. Therefore, any commercial airliner that operates international routes will likely undergo quarterly avionics inspections.Cevap
- DA clinical laboratory cannot receive state certification unless it implements automated sample tracking. Most clinical laboratories that implement automated sample tracking eliminate record discrepancies. Thus, eliminating record discrepancies is necessary for a clinical laboratory to receive state certification.
- EAny academic study funded by the research consortium is subject to blind peer review. Some academic studies subject to blind peer review are published in open-access journals. Therefore, some academic studies funded by the research consortium are published in open-access journals.
Cevap
The argument concluding that any commercial airliner operating international routes will likely undergo quarterly avionics inspections exhibits the exact same flawed pattern of reasoning.
The correct argument mirrors the exact deductive architecture and quantifier mismatch of the stimulus: it begins with a universal rule placing group A entirely inside group B ('Every commercial airliner on international routes must maintain satellite communication systems'), adds a premise stating that most members of group B possess characteristic C ('Most commercial airliners with satellite communication systems undergo quarterly avionics inspections'), and erroneously concludes that any individual member of group A is likely to have characteristic C ('any commercial airliner on international routes will likely undergo quarterly avionics inspections'). Because group A could reside entirely within the minority of group B that does not possess characteristic C, this inference is logically invalid in the exact same manner as the stimulus.
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Anahtar Kavram
Quantifier Transitivity Flaw (All A are B + Most B are C does not entail that A is likely C)