Analyze the structural gaps in the following deductive arguments. Match each incomplete argument with the specific conditional premise (sufficient assumption) that, if added, would logically guarantee its conclusion.
- An artificial intelligence can engage in genuine ethical reasoning only if it can evaluate the semantic weight of counterfactual scenarios. However, evaluating such counterfactuals requires a self-referential internal architecture, a feature that all current large language models completely lack. Therefore, current large language models cannot be held morally culpable for any harmful instructions they generate.Being held morally culpable for generating harmful instructions requires an artificial intelligence to be capable of engaging in genuine ethical reasoning.
- A corporate entity is legally liable for punitive damages only if its executive board possessed prior, explicit knowledge of a product's defect. In the recent litigation against VertexCorp, it was conclusively proven that the executives had no such prior knowledge, as the defect was deliberately concealed by a supplier. Consequently, VertexCorp will not be forced to declare corporate bankruptcy.A corporate entity will avoid being forced to declare corporate bankruptcy unless it is legally liable for punitive damages.
- A genetic intervention is considered ethically impermissible if it imposes irreversible risks on unconsenting future generations. Unlike germline editing, Procedure X-99 exclusively targets a patient's somatic cells, meaning it produces absolutely no heritable genetic modifications. Thus, Procedure X-99 must be classified as an ethically unproblematic therapeutic technique.If a medical procedure is not classified as an ethically unproblematic therapeutic technique, it must be one that produces heritable genetic modifications.
- According to the current taxonomic framework, a celestial body is categorized as a major planet only if its gravitational dominance has cleared its orbital neighborhood of smaller planetesimals. Object Z-Prime is located within the outer Oort cloud, a region densely populated with primordial icy debris. From this, we can deduce that Object Z-Prime does not possess a differentiated internal structure.Categorization as a major planet is a prerequisite for a celestial body to possess a differentiated internal structure.
Cevap
The arguments logically pair with the conditional statements that provide the exact missing deductive bridge: the AI argument pairs with the assumption requiring ethical reasoning for culpability; the Corporate argument pairs with the 'unless' statement about punitive damages; the Bioethics argument pairs with the contrapositive assumption about heritable modifications; and the Astrophysics argument pairs with the prerequisite assumption regarding major planets.
Each correct pairing takes the established factual conclusion from the argument's premises (e.g., LLMs cannot engage in ethical reasoning) and applies a universal conditional rule that uses that fact as a trigger to definitively prove the author's conclusion.
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Anahtar Kavram
Sufficient Assumption Conditional Bridging and Contrapositives