Match each flawed argument to the abstract description that best identifies its specific sampling or survey error.
- A manager determines that customer satisfaction is plummeting by surveying only those patrons who asked to speak directly with management.The argument bases a general conclusion on a sample that is predisposed to have negative views on the subject.
- A television station conducts a phone-in poll and concludes that the vast majority of citizens oppose a new law.The argument relies on a sample composed entirely of individuals who have self-selected to participate.
- A political campaign concludes that their candidate is widely beloved after asking voters, 'Do you support our honest and hardworking candidate?'The argument relies on survey results that are compromised by the biased phrasing of the questions asked.
- A student interviews two classmates who enjoy classical music and concludes that classical music is highly popular among all students at the university.The argument draws a sweeping generalization about a large group based on an inadequately small number of observations.
Cevap
The manager's survey matches the predisposed sample flaw; the phone-in poll matches the self-selection flaw; the political campaign matches the biased phrasing flaw; and the student's interviews match the inadequately small sample flaw.
Each scenario perfectly illustrates one distinct category of sampling or survey flaw. By identifying the specific methodological error in the stimulus (e.g., small sample, loaded question, unrepresentative group, voluntary response), we can accurately map it to its formal logical description.
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Anahtar Kavram
Sampling and Survey Flaws