Ethicist: Any autonomous vehicle control architecture that satisfies the strict safety standard must incorporate redundant sensor fail-safes. Most navigation suites evaluated by the transport board incorporate redundant sensor fail-safes. Therefore, most navigation suites evaluated by the transport board satisfy the strict safety standard.
Which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited in the ethicist's argument?
- ALinguist: Any translation software program that accurately captures idiomatic nuance must employ contextual transformer models. Most commercial parsing engines available today do not employ contextual transformer models. Therefore, most commercial parsing engines available today do not accurately capture idiomatic nuance.
- BSoftware analyst: Any autonomous vehicle control architecture that incorporates redundant sensor fail-safes satisfies the strict safety standard. Some navigation suites evaluated by the transport board do not incorporate redundant sensor fail-safes. Thus, some navigation suites evaluated by the transport board do not satisfy the strict safety standard.
- Acoustic consultant: Any concert hall design that achieves optimal reverberation time must feature convex wall diffusers. Most auditorium blueprints reviewed by the municipal arts committee feature convex wall diffusers. Thus, most auditorium blueprints reviewed by that committee achieve optimal reverberation time.Cevap
- DAgronomist: Any commercial crop variety that resists fungal blight must express high levels of phytoalexin compounds. Every hybrid cultivar tested in the regional trials expressed high levels of phytoalexin compounds. Hence, every hybrid cultivar tested in the regional trials resists fungal blight.
- EEconomist: Implementing an export tariff on rare-earth minerals inevitably causes an immediate increase in domestic stockpiling. Most manufacturing firms surveyed reported a significant increase in domestic stockpiling. It follows that the government must have implemented an export tariff on rare-earth minerals.
Cevap
The acoustic consultant argument featuring concert hall designs, auditorium blueprints, and convex wall diffusers is the correct parallel.
The correct argument matches the exact deductive defect and quantifier profile of the stimulus. In both cases, a general rule establishes a necessary condition (Satisfies Standard → Sensor Fail-safes; Optimal Reverberation → Convex Diffusers). Both arguments then observe that a majority ('most') of a specific evaluated class possess that required feature. Both arguments commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent (mistaking a necessary condition for a sufficient one) to conclude that the majority must satisfy the initial condition.
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Parallel Flaw in Quantifier-Condition Logic (Mistaken Reversal with 'Most')
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