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Zorluk: OrtaApplication to Analogous Situations

Urban planners have long observed a counterintuitive phenomenon known as "induced demand." When a city expands a congested highway by adding lanes, the immediate goal is to alleviate traffic bottlenecks. However, this increased capacity reduces the time cost of driving, which quickly alters commuter behavior. People who previously took public transit, traveled at off-peak hours, or avoided the route entirely begin using the newly expanded highway. Consequently, the additional capacity is rapidly absorbed by this new traffic, and congestion returns to previous levels. The structural expansion intended to relieve the system instead creates behavioral shifts that perpetuate the original problem.

Based on the passage's description of "induced demand," which of the following scenarios accurately represent analogous situations? Select all that apply.

  1. An IT department increases the size of employee email inboxes to prevent them from filling up, causing employees to stop deleting old messages and routinely send larger attachments, quickly maxing out the new storage limits.Cevap
  2. B
    A municipality invests heavily in public transit to alleviate congestion, which successfully convinces thousands of commuters to abandon their cars and permanently eliminates highway bottlenecks.
  3. A credit card user receives a higher credit limit to help manage periodic cash flow shortages, but the perception of having more available funds leads them to increase their discretionary spending, resulting in a maxed-out card once again.Cevap
  4. D
    An urban planner alters the timing of traffic lights to alleviate congestion at a major intersection, temporarily reducing the time cost of driving during peak hours without adding new lanes.
  5. E
    A university builds a massive new library to guarantee that every single student will always have a completely silent place to study, regardless of future enrollment increases.

Cevap

The scenarios involving the IT department increasing email inbox sizes and the credit card user receiving a higher credit limit.
The correct scenarios strictly follow the causal chain established in the passage. In both the email inbox and credit card examples, a structural expansion (more storage, more credit) intended to solve a bottleneck leads to a shift in user behavior (hoarding emails, spending more). This behavioral shift rapidly absorbs the new capacity, causing the original problem to reemerge. This perfectly maps to the highway expansion dynamic.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the passage to abstract the core logical principle.
The principle of 'induced demand' is: expanding capacity to fix a bottleneck changes user behavior, which consumes the new capacity and restores the original problem.
To evaluate analogies, one must isolate the underlying structural relationship rather than focusing on surface-level topics like highways or cars.
2
Evaluate each option against the abstracted logical principle.
The email inbox scenario and the credit card scenario both feature a capacity expansion that triggers a behavioral change (saving more files or spending more money), ultimately recreating the initial capacity crisis.
A valid analogy must map perfectly to the cause-and-effect structure of the original passage.
3
Eliminate choices that deviate from the logical structure or rely on superficial similarities.
Scenarios describing successful public transit, mere optimization of traffic lights, or absolute guarantees of library space fail to exhibit the self-defeating behavioral loop.
Distractors often use familiar vocabulary from the passage or present related concepts that do not share the exact underlying mechanism.

Anahtar Kavram

Identifying Analogous Situations by mapping the abstract causal logic (capacity expansion -> behavioral shift -> return to baseline problem) to new contexts.
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Konular

Application to Analogous Situations

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