Read the following passage carefully:
'For over a century, orthodox economists have posited that money emerged organically from the inefficiencies of barter. According to this paradigm, the necessity of a double coincidence of wants drove early societies to adopt a universal medium of exchange. Recently, however, economic anthropologists have marshaled extensive historical evidence to entirely repudiate the barter narrative, arguing instead that complex credit systems and state-managed debt ledgers long predated physical currency. While these anthropologists have successfully dismantled the orthodox origin story, their insistence that money functioned exclusively as a tool of state accounting goes too far. A closer examination of ancient Mesopotamian grain ledgers reveals that once states established these accounting units, private merchants immediately co-opted them to facilitate decentralized, multilateral trade—a phenomenon that neatly reinstates the orthodox functionalist view of money as an organic solution to complex exchange, albeit one built upon state credit rather than individual barter.'
Based on the text, arrange the following rhetorical steps in the exact sequential order that the author employs them to construct their overarching argument.
- 1Articulating a longstanding theoretical model based on assumptions of organic efficiency.
- 2Detailing an empirical challenge that fundamentally undermines the foundational assumptions of the longstanding model.
- 3Qualifying the success of the empirical challenge by pointing out a theoretical overreach.
- 4Marshaling historical data to demonstrate how a modified version of the longstanding model's functional premise remains tenable.