Evaluate the four argumentative scenarios provided below. For each scenario, identify the normative or operational principle that, if assumed true, formally justifies the conclusion reached in the argument.
- A technology firm concluded it is not obligated to notify users about a newly discovered security vulnerability, reasoning that exploiting the flaw requires a malicious actor to have physical possession of the user's device.A software developer is exempt from disclosing a security flaw to its users provided that the flaw cannot be weaponized remotely.
- The city council approved the demolition of the historic downtown library. They reasoned that renovating the structure to meet modern earthquake safety standards would cost significantly more than constructing a completely new library on the same plot.Municipalities are justified in tearing down culturally significant structures whenever preservation expenses surpass the financial requirements of new construction.
- The regulatory agency determined that a local manufacturing plant does not need to install additional water filtration systems, since the chemical byproduct it releases has not been conclusively proven to harm aquatic wildlife.Environmental mitigation measures should be mandated by an agency only when a released substance is definitively known to cause ecological damage.
- An institutional review board ruled that Dr. Aris's use of deception in his psychological study was ethically permissible, pointing out that the scientific insights gained could eventually lead to a cure for a rare cognitive disease.It is acceptable to mislead participants in a scientific experiment if the resulting data might contribute to significant medical breakthroughs.
Cevap
Properly pair the tech scenario with the remote weaponization exemption, the urban scenario with the construction cost comparison, the environmental scenario with the definitive damage requirement, and the research scenario with the medical breakthrough allowance.
Each correctly paired principle acts as a logical bridge. When the premise from the scenario is combined with the universal rule provided by the principle, the conclusion of the scenario becomes a formally valid deduction.
Adım Adım Çözüm
Anahtar Kavram
Principle - Justify