A regulatory compliance committee is analyzing the deductive structures and logical validity of arguments submitted in administrative appeals. Match each argument on the left to the abstract description on the right that correctly characterizes its underlying logical form or defect.
- Every commercial vessel operating in international shipping lanes that encounters an abandoned cargo container must report its coordinates to maritime authorities immediately. The salvage tug Aegis reported the coordinates of an adrift container immediately upon sighting. Therefore, the Aegis must be a commercial vessel operating in international shipping lanes.An invalid inference that treats an obligation required of all members of a defined class as a sufficient basis for concluding that an entity belongs to that class.
- Most commercial developments completed in the historic waterfront district generated significant tax revenue for the municipality. Furthermore, most commercial developments completed in the historic waterfront district received public infrastructure subsidies. Thus, at least some commercial developments that received public infrastructure subsidies generated significant tax revenue for the municipality.A valid deduction establishing that two distinct characteristics must co-occur in at least one instance because each characteristic applies to a majority of the same reference group.
- Any automated risk-assessment platform deployed by commercial lenders that fails independent compliance audits is legally prohibited from processing residential loan applications. The financial software system Credo is legally permitted to process residential loan applications. Consequently, Credo does not fail independent compliance audits or is not an automated risk-assessment platform deployed by commercial lenders.A valid contrapositive deduction concluding that at least one component of a joint sufficient condition must be false because the necessary consequence of that conjunction failed to occur.
- Some regional broadband providers operating in coastal territories deploy high-frequency millimeter transceivers. Some network operators that deploy high-frequency millimeter transceivers suffered severe network downtime during heavy precipitation. Therefore, some regional broadband providers operating in coastal territories suffered severe network downtime during heavy precipitation.An invalid inference claiming an overlap between two distinct subsets based solely on the premise that each subset shares some members with a common intermediate group.
Cevap
The arguments match as follows: the maritime salvage argument matches the description of treating a required obligation as sufficient proof of group membership; the waterfront development argument matches the valid deduction of overlap between two majority characteristics of a reference set; the risk-assessment software argument matches the valid contrapositive deduction negating at least one part of a joint sufficient condition; and the broadband provider argument matches the invalid inference of subset overlap through an intermediate category.
Each argument maps precisely to its logical equivalent: the first argument illustrates affirming the consequent by inferring class membership from compliance with a class rule; the second argument correctly deduces an overlap from two majority premises within the same reference class; the third argument correctly executes a disjunctive contrapositive from the denial of a necessary condition; and the fourth argument commits the fallacy of illicit quantifier linkage by treating two existential intersections as establishing mutual intersection.
Adım Adım Çözüm
Anahtar Kavram
Parallel structural analysis of formal validity, conditional contraposition with compound antecedents, majority quantifier syllogisms, and invalid quantifier/conditional inferences.
Tahmini Süre:2m 30s