Soru

Passage A
The transition from classical mechanics to quantum theory in the early twentieth century vividly illustrates the primacy of empirical data in driving scientific progress. Classical physics had encountered a series of stubborn anomalies—such as the blackbody radiation problem—that fundamentally resisted explanation under Newtonian paradigms. The persistence of these anomalies generated a profound theoretical crisis. Physicists were compelled to abandon classical determinism because the accumulated data unequivocally demanded a radically new explanatory framework. Thus, major scientific shifts are fundamentally reactive: they are necessitated by the exhaustion of a prevailing theory’s explanatory power in the face of contradictory evidence, rather than by external philosophical or social pressures.

Passage B
Historians of science often incorrectly attribute the early twentieth-century shift toward quantum frameworks primarily to the pressure of inexplicable empirical phenomena. In reality, this transition was driven largely by profound institutional transformations within European physics. The emergence of a newly professionalized class of theoretical physicists, notably in Germany, created an academic culture that rewarded highly abstract, mathematical innovation. Supported by unprecedented industrial funding, research institutes incentivized the construction of probabilistically driven models. Younger physicists enthusiastically adopted these non-classical frameworks not inevitably because they offered superior empirical solutions, but primarily because doing so distinguished them from the entrenched classical establishment, thereby securing their own institutional authority and prestige.

Based on the information provided in the passages, about which one of the following would the two authors be most likely to DISAGREE?