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Zorluk: OrtaMust Be True / Most Strongly Supported

Archaeometallurgical investigations of Bronze Age metal artifacts recovered from the Cilician Plain established the following facts:

• Every artifact cast from an arsenic-bronze alloy originated in a high-altitude highland furnace.
• Any artifact originating in a high-altitude highland furnace contains distinct nickel trace impurities only if it was smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores.
• No artifact smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores exhibits lead-isotope ratios characteristic of lowland alluvial deposits.
• Some excavated spearheads from the Cilician Plain are arsenic-bronze artifacts containing distinct nickel trace impurities.

If the statements above are true, which of the following statements must also be true? (Select all that apply)

  1. At least some excavated spearheads from the Cilician Plain were smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores.Cevap
  2. B
    Any artifact that was smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores was cast from an arsenic-bronze alloy.
  3. At least some artifacts originating in highland furnaces do not exhibit lead-isotope ratios characteristic of lowland alluvial deposits.Cevap
  4. D
    No excavated spearheads from the Cilician Plain exhibit lead-isotope ratios characteristic of lowland alluvial deposits.
  5. E
    Every artifact from the Cilician Plain that lacks distinct nickel trace impurities was smelted in a lowland furnace.

Cevap

The statements asserting that at least some excavated spearheads were smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores, and that at least some artifacts originating in highland furnaces do not exhibit lowland alluvial lead-isotope ratios, must both be true.
The premises state that some excavated spearheads are arsenic-bronze artifacts with nickel impurities. Because all arsenic-bronze artifacts originate in highland furnaces, these spearheads are highland furnace artifacts containing nickel impurities. The stimulus states that highland furnace artifacts contain nickel impurities only if smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores, which proves that these spearheads were smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores. Furthermore, because no artifact smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores exhibits lowland alluvial lead-isotope ratios, these highland-produced spearheads cannot exhibit those ratios, proving that at least some highland artifacts do not exhibit lowland lead-isotope ratios.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Chain the universal conditional premises.
Arsenic-bronze guarantees highland furnace origin. A highland furnace origin combined with nickel impurities guarantees polymetallic sulfide smelting. Polymetallic sulfide smelting guarantees the absence of lowland alluvial lead-isotope ratios.
Establishing the formal logical sequence allows valid deductions to be transferred across the premises.
2
Apply the existential premise regarding spearheads to the conditional chain.
There exist spearheads that are arsenic-bronze and contain nickel impurities. Because they are arsenic-bronze, they are highland artifacts. Because they are highland artifacts with nickel, they were smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores. Because they were smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores, they do not have lowland lead-isotope ratios.
Connecting the specific group of spearheads to the conditional rules proves their metallurgical properties deductively.
3
Evaluate the options against these derived conclusions.
The statement regarding some spearheads being smelted using polymetallic sulfide ores is directly verified. The statement that some highland artifacts lack lowland lead ratios is also verified by the existence of these same spearheads.
Isolating only the statements that are strictly guaranteed by the formal chain.

Anahtar Kavram

Deductive Quantifier and Conditional Logic Chaining
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Konular

Must Be True / Most Strongly Supported

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