Analyze each of the following logical arguments. Match each argument to the specific sufficient assumption that, if added to its premises, strictly and logically guarantees the truth of its main conclusion.
- The city council's controversial proposal to ban heavy commercial vehicles in the downtown district will drastically reduce peak-hour traffic congestion. Transportation analysts agree that if traffic congestion is drastically reduced in this manner, overall pedestrian safety will reach historically high levels. Therefore, implementing this proposal ensures that the downtown district will soon experience a significant surge in retail business.Achieving historically high levels of pedestrian safety invariably triggers a significant surge in retail business within any metropolitan downtown district.
- The company's regional branch offices will definitively not be consolidated. After all, the board of directors will approve the highly anticipated corporate merger only if the external auditor's financial forecast predicts significant quarterly growth for the upcoming fiscal year. The recently released financial forecast by the external auditors explicitly does not predict such growth.The planned consolidation of the company's regional branch offices absolutely requires the board of directors to first approve the proposed corporate merger.
- Most academic historians who study ancient agrarian societies focus primarily on calculating fluctuating agricultural yields. It is therefore certain that at least some historians who study ancient agrarian societies completely overlook the economic importance of early trade networks. This follows because sociological research demonstrates that some scholars who focus primarily on agricultural yields completely overlook this broader economic importance.Every scholar whose academic research focuses primarily on calculating agricultural yields completely overlooks the broader economic importance of early interregional trade networks.
- Extensive laboratory testing has demonstrated that reducing oxidative stress generally promotes long-term cellular longevity in mice. Administering a diet rich in synthetic antioxidants effectively reduces oxidative stress in these subjects, but it concurrently inhibits the natural production of critical enzymes regulating basic cellular metabolism. Therefore, feeding laboratory mice a diet rich in synthetic antioxidants will ultimately decrease their overall lifespans.In laboratory mice, the inhibition of natural enzymes regulating basic cellular metabolism invariably shortens lifespan, completely neutralizing any life-extending benefits derived from reduced oxidative stress.
Cevap
The public policy argument matches with the safety-to-retail bridge. The corporate merger argument matches with the requirement of board approval for consolidation. The historian argument matches with the universal 'every scholar' claim. The laboratory mice argument matches with the assumption that enzyme inhibition overrides longevity benefits.
The correct matches successfully pair each flawed stimulus with the exact sufficient assumption needed to repair its logic. This involves identifying unstated links between intermediate and main conclusions, tracing formal contrapositives, securing universal quantifier bridges, and establishing definitive dominance in competing causal scenarios.
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Anahtar Kavram
Identifying the precise logical gap in an argument's deductive structure and selecting the premise that renders the conclusion 100% valid.