Soru

Read the following passage regarding the Garden City movement.

Ebenezer Howard’s 1898 treatise *To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform* introduced the Garden City, an urban planning paradigm designed to synthesize the economic vitality of the metropolis with the health benefits of the countryside. Reacting to the squalor of Victorian industrial slums, Howard proposed self-contained communities of exactly 32,000 residents, bounded by a perpetual agricultural greenbelt that would permanently limit physical expansion while supplying local markets.

Crucially, Howard’s vision was as much a radical economic framework as a spatial one. To circumvent the speculative land markets that drove up urban housing costs, he stipulated that the entire city tract should be purchased at agricultural prices by a philanthropic development company. Citizens would not hold individual freeholds; rather, they would pay rent to the municipality. This leasehold system ensured that any increase in land value—the "unearned increment" generated by collective economic growth—would be captured by the public trust and funneled into municipal services. Spatially, strict zoning was to be enforced, confining factories to the city’s extreme periphery alongside a circular railway, thereby shielding interior residential wards from industrial pollution.

However, translating these theoretical principles into the physical realities of the first Garden Cities, Letchworth and Welwyn, required substantial compromises. Planners successfully instituted the constraining greenbelts, maintained remarkably low residential densities, and rigidly enforced the segregation of industrial and residential zones. Yet the foundational economic mechanisms of Howard's utopian model ultimately fractured. Unable to secure sufficient philanthropic investment to sustain the municipal leasehold model, the managing corporations eventually capitulated to market pressures, selling off plots as conventional freehold properties. Furthermore, rather than developing into robust, economically autonomous entities, these towns struggled to attract major industry and instead became heavily reliant on commuter railways connecting them to London, inadvertently spawning the very suburban sprawl Howard had sought to preclude.

Based on the passage, Howard’s theoretical framework for the Garden City explicitly incorporated all of the following EXCEPT: