Below are four distinct arguments, each relying on an unstated bridging rule. Pair each specific argument with the general principle that, if valid, would logically guarantee the argument's conclusion.
- The government canceled the construction of a revolutionary deep-space observatory to reallocate the budget toward a vaccination program for a newly emerged pathogen. Therefore, the government's decision to halt the observatory project was correct.The cancellation of an endeavor dedicated to expanding theoretical knowledge is warranted if the allocated funds are instead deployed to address a widespread biological crisis.
- A prestigious gallery realized that a landscape painting they previously sold to a client is actually a highly convincing forgery. Although the client loves the piece and is completely unaware of its true origin, the gallery ought to offer the client a full refund.A vendor is obligated to issue restitution for a sold good that is not genuine, even if the buyer remains ignorant of the deception and is pleased with the good's appearance.
- A software firm delivered a custom application to a client three weeks late strictly because an unprecedented, city-wide electrical grid failure halted all their operations. The client should not enforce the contract's late-delivery financial penalty against the firm.A contracted entity should be exempt from damages for noncompliance with a timeline if the noncompliance was exclusively caused by an uncontrollable, large-scale infrastructural disruption.
- A corporate board of directors dismissed a manager whose department had just achieved record-breaking quarterly earnings. The board's action was fully justified because the manager had explicitly ordered employees to bypass mandatory equipment checks to accelerate production.An organization is justified in terminating a leader who knowingly violates risk-management protocols, regardless of the short-term monetary success achieved under that leader.
Cevap
The observatory scenario pairs with the biological crisis principle; the forged painting scenario pairs with the restitution principle; the late software scenario pairs with the infrastructural disruption principle; and the dismissed manager scenario pairs with the risk-management principle.
Each correct principle functions as a sufficient assumption in the form of a general rule. By translating the specific facts of each scenario into the abstract categories of the principles (e.g., 'deep-space observatory' becomes 'endeavor dedicated to expanding theoretical knowledge'), the principles formally entail the conclusions of their respective scenarios.
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Anahtar Kavram
In Principle-Justify questions, the correct answer provides a broad, conditional rule (If Premises -> Then Conclusion) that guarantees the argument's conclusion when applied to the specific facts.