Soru

Passage:
During the classical period of Islamic science, astronomical instrument making evolved from replicating Hellenistic models into developing sophisticated observational and computational technologies. In ninth-century Raqqa, the astronomer Al-Battani conducted extensive observations that refined Ptolemaic celestial coordinates. By measuring solar eccentricity with unprecedented rigor, Al-Battani established that the solar apogee—the farthest point in the sun's apparent orbit—undergoes secular motion relative to the sphere of the fixed stars, correcting Ptolemy's foundational assertion of its absolute immobility.

In eleventh-century al-Andalus, instrument design shifted toward universal applications under Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali. Traditional planispheric astrolabes required distinct latitude plates engraved for specific geographic horizons, limiting their portability across diverse maritime and terrestrial routes. Al-Zarqali circumvented this constraint by inventing the Saphaea Arzachelis, a universal astrolabe plate relying on stereographic projections from the celestial vernal equinox rather than the celestial poles. This innovation enabled observers to determine coordinates and solar altitudes across any terrestrial latitude without swapping individual plates.

Concurrently in Central Asia, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni expanded the astrolabe's utility beyond passive observational sighting by integrating dynamic mechanical gearing. In his treatises, al-Biruni documented an astrolabe fitted with an internal gear train composed of coaxial toothed wheels. When rotated via a manual pointer, this gear mechanism automatically computed synodic lunar phases and tracked the corresponding positions of the sun and moon along the zodiac.

Meanwhile, in tenth-century Aleppo, artisanal manufacture achieved exceptional geometric accuracy through the work of Maryam al-Ijliya. Employed at the Hamdanid court of Sayf al-Dawla, al-Ijliya specialized in the high-precision engraving of astrolabes and sighting quadrants tailored for regional navigation. Her quadrants incorporated finely graduated radial scales that minimized parallax errors during navigational sightings, establishing rigorous craft standards within the regional scientific guild.

Based on the passage, match each historical scholar or craftsperson to the specific technological innovation or observational contribution explicitly attributed to them.