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Zorluk: ZorApplying the Negation Technique

Musicologist: The recent excavation of a fully intact, multi-keyboard hydraulis—a water organ—dating to the 2nd century BCE fundamentally challenges our timeline of musical history. Because playing the distinct keyboards of this instrument simultaneously requires the coordinated physical effort of at least three highly trained musicians, it is clear that polyphony—the practice of performing multiple independent melodic lines at once—was already an established art form during this ancient period.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the musicologist's argument depends?

  1. A
    Any ancient musical instrument that featured multiple keyboards was specifically designed to perform polyphonic music.
  2. The musicians operating the distinct keyboards of the hydraulis did not restrict their simultaneous playing to identical melodic sequences.Cevap
  3. C
    Performances on the newly discovered hydraulis did not include any single-line, monophonic melodies.
  4. D
    Prior to the 2nd century BCE, no other instruments existed that required multiple highly trained musicians to operate.
  5. E
    Most musical performances during the 2nd century BCE utilized complex instruments that required the coordination of at least three musicians.

Cevap

The option stating that the musicians operating the distinct keyboards did not restrict their simultaneous playing to identical melodic sequences.
The correct answer bridges the logical gap between 'multiple musicians playing simultaneously' and 'polyphony' by eliminating a scenario that would ruin the argument. If we apply the Negation Technique and assume the logical opposite—that the musicians DID restrict their playing to identical melodic sequences—then they were playing in unison (monophony). If they were playing in unison, the fact that three musicians were required no longer serves as evidence for polyphony, and the conclusion collapses entirely.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the conclusion of the argument.
The conclusion is that polyphony (performing multiple independent melodic lines at once) was an established art form during the 2nd century BCE.
Understanding the exact claim being made is crucial for evaluating what the argument must assume.
2
Identify the premise supporting the conclusion.
The premise is that playing the distinct keyboards of the 2nd century BCE hydraulis requires at least three highly trained musicians.
This establishes the evidence used to reach the conclusion and highlights the logical gap.
3
Identify the logical gap between the premise and conclusion.
The argument assumes that multiple musicians playing keyboards simultaneously equates to them playing multiple independent melodic lines (polyphony).
The presence of multiple musicians does not inherently guarantee polyphony; they could be doing something else, such as playing the same notes.
4
Apply the Negation Technique to the answer choices to find the necessary assumption.
Negating the correct option yields: 'The musicians DID restrict their simultaneous playing to identical melodic sequences.' If they played the exact same sequence (unison), they were not playing independent lines, destroying the evidence for polyphony.
A necessary assumption is one that, if proven false, causes the argument to logically collapse.

Anahtar Kavram

Applying the Negation Technique to Necessary Assumptions
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Konular

Applying the Negation Technique

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