Each passage below presents an academic argument that relies on an unstated foundational premise. Match each numbered argument with the underlying assumption on which it strictly depends.
- Astronomer: Atmospheric spectroscopy of the temperate rocky exoplanet Proxima-b reveals trace concentrations of phosphine. On Earth, phosphine gas is produced almost exclusively by anaerobic microbial metabolism. Therefore, the presence of phosphine on Proxima-b constitutes strong evidence for the existence of extraterrestrial life.Geochemical or photolytic processes cannot generate stable atmospheric phosphine on rocky exoplanets in the absence of biological organisms.
- Historical Linguist: Discovered clay tablets from the ancient trade city of Kanesh transcribe both high and mid front vowels using the same cuneiform character. Because all known spoken languages maintain phonemic distinctions between these vowel heights to avoid rampant homophony, the scribes at Kanesh must have spoken a vernacular dialect that differed markedly from the literary language of the region.The scribal conventions used in the Kanesh tablets were intended to provide a phonetically precise representation of the scribes' everyday spoken language.
- Economist: Over the last decade, domestic manufacturing firms that invested heavily in automated robotic assembly increased their payrolls by an average of fifteen percent. Consequently, the adoption of industrial robotics across the manufacturing sector does not result in an overall reduction of manufacturing employment.The payroll expansion at robotics-adopting manufacturing firms was not accompanied by equal or greater job losses among non-automating competitor firms.
Cevap
Argument 1 matches the assumption that abiotic geochemical or photolytic processes cannot generate stable atmospheric phosphine; Argument 2 matches the assumption that the written tablets were intended to phonetically reflect spoken dialect; Argument 3 matches the assumption that hiring gains in automating firms did not displace a greater number of workers in competing firms.
Each pair correctly matches an argument to an unstated premise that is strictly necessary for its conclusion to follow. In each case, negating the matched assumption destroys the logic: if phosphine can form abiotically, the presence of phosphine is not evidence of life; if scribal conventions do not reflect spoken phonetics, orthographic omission is not evidence of a dialect split; and if automating firms displace competitor jobs, firm-level hiring is not evidence of sector-wide net job preservation.
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Anahtar Kavram
Necessary Assumption (Negation Test)
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