Examkin

Soru

Zorluk: Çok zorMust Be True / Most Strongly Supported

Botanists studying the extreme environment of the Damos caldera have established the following facts regarding its native flora:

Any plant species that produces the toxin helianthamine also synthesizes either xylarose or zeaxanthin, but not both. Every plant species that synthesizes xylarose is a thermophile. No plant species that thrives in highly acidic soil is a thermophile. At least some plant species that produce the toxin helianthamine thrive in highly acidic soil.

Based on the information above, which one of the following must be true?

  1. A
    Any plant species that does not synthesize xylarose must synthesize zeaxanthin.
  2. B
    All plant species that produce the toxin helianthamine and are not thermophiles thrive in highly acidic soil.
  3. C
    No plant species that produces the toxin helianthamine synthesizes zeaxanthin if it is a thermophile.
  4. D
    Any plant species that synthesizes zeaxanthin is not a thermophile.
  5. At least some plant species that produce the toxin helianthamine synthesize zeaxanthin but are not thermophiles.Cevap

Cevap

At least some plant species that produce the toxin helianthamine synthesize zeaxanthin but are not thermophiles.
The stimulus establishes a complex logical chain. We know there are some plants that both produce helianthamine and thrive in highly acidic soil. Because they thrive in highly acidic soil, they cannot be thermophiles. Because they are not thermophiles, they cannot synthesize xylarose. However, the first premise states that any plant producing helianthamine must synthesize either xylarose or zeaxanthin. Since these specific plants produce helianthamine but cannot synthesize xylarose, they are forced to synthesize zeaxanthin. Thus, these plants produce helianthamine, synthesize zeaxanthin, and are not thermophiles, making the correct statement definitively true.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Map the conditional statements and formal logic presented in the stimulus.
1: H -> (X or Z) and ~(X and Z). 2: X -> T. 3: HAS -> ~T. 4: Some H are HAS.
Translating the text into formal logic helps to clearly track relationships and derive valid inferences without getting confused by the subject matter.
2
Identify a starting point for the deduction chain, typically a concrete existence statement ('some' or 'most').
The starting point is 'Some H are HAS'. This means there exists at least one plant that is both H (produces helianthamine) and HAS (thrives in highly acidic soil).
Universal statements (all, any, none) are conditional and do not prove existence on their own. The 'some' statement gives us a concrete entity to trace through the rules.
3
Apply the universal rules to the entity identified in Step 2.
Since the identified plant is HAS, applying rule 3 ('HAS -> ~T') means the plant is ~T. Applying the contrapositive of rule 2 ('~T -> ~X') means the plant is ~X.
Chaining the conditional statements allows us to deduce new characteristics about the plant.
4
Combine the deduced characteristics with the remaining rule involving the exclusive 'or'.
The plant is H and ~X. Rule 1 states an H plant that is ~X MUST be Z.
Eliminating one of the required exclusive options forces the other option to be true.
5
Synthesize the derived facts into a final 'must be true' statement.
The plant is H, Z, and ~T. Therefore, 'At least some plant species that produce helianthamine synthesize zeaxanthin and are not thermophiles' must be true.
The correct answer will reflect a proven combination of traits from our logical deduction.

Anahtar Kavram

Formal Logic, Deductive Chaining, and Existential Quantifiers
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Konular

Must Be True / Most Strongly Supported

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