Read the following passage.
Historians of medieval European agriculture have long debated the precise catalysts for the agrarian revolution of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, though consensus generally coalesces around a triad of interrelated technological innovations: the heavy plow, the three-field system of crop rotation, and the adoption of the padded horse collar. Prior to this period, the scratch plow, or *aratrum*, was sufficient for the light, friable soils of the Mediterranean basin but proved woefully inadequate for the dense, clay-rich earth of Northern Europe. The introduction of the heavy plow—equipped with a colter to cut the sod, a plowshare to slice underneath, and a moldboard to turn the soil—enabled cultivators to harness the latent fertility of the northern plains. However, its substantial weight necessitated a larger team of draft animals, typically pooled from multiple peasant households, which consequently catalyzed the reorganization of isolated hamlets into cohesive, nucleated villages.
Concurrent with the dissemination of the heavy plow was the transition from a two-field to a three-field system of crop rotation. By leaving only one-third of arable land fallow rather than half, peasants significantly augmented their aggregate yield. More critically, the spring planting typically comprised oats and legumes. The nitrogen-fixing properties of legumes rejuvenated soil fertility, while the surplus of oats provided the requisite caloric fodder to support a transition from oxen to horses as the primary draft animals.
This transition was ultimately fully realized only with the implementation of the padded horse collar and nailed horseshoes. Unlike the traditional yoke, which pressed against a horse's windpipe and severely restricted its respiratory capacity when pulling heavy loads, the padded collar rested on the animal's shoulders. Horses, boasting greater stamina and moving at roughly twice the speed of oxen, fundamentally altered the spatial economics of medieval farming, allowing peasants to cultivate fields situated much farther from the village center.
According to the passage, the agrarian revolution of the eleventh and twelfth centuries involved all of the following developments EXCEPT:
- AThe ability of agricultural laborers to cultivate plots of land located at greater distances from their primary settlements
- BA socio-spatial restructuring that consolidated scattered farming households into centralized communities
- The structural modification of the *aratrum* to allow it to effectively penetrate and turn the dense, clay-rich earth of the northern plainsCevap
- DAn increase in total crop output achieved by reducing the fraction of arable land left unplanted each year
- EThe systematic integration of specific crops that actively replenished the soil's agricultural viability