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Zorluk: ZorGeneral Method of Reasoning

Policy Advisor: Proponents of the proposed universal basic income (UBI) argue that it will spur entrepreneurial innovation, reasoning that individuals will have the financial security to take business risks. However, this prediction is flawed. Entrepreneurial success requires not merely a financial safety net, but also access to significant capital investment, which a UBI does not provide. Furthermore, if the UBI is funded by significantly raising corporate taxes, as its proponents suggest, the overall pool of venture capital available for new startups will inevitably shrink. Thus, the UBI is unlikely to produce the promised surge in innovation.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning used in the policy advisor's argument?

  1. undermining a predicted outcome by arguing that a condition necessary for that outcome is not provided by the proposal, and that the proposal's implementation would generate effects detrimental to the outcomeCevap
  2. B
    demonstrating that the proponents of a policy have mistakenly treated a condition that is necessary for an outcome as though it were sufficient to guarantee that outcome
  3. C
    criticizing a position by exploiting an ambiguity in the definition of a key economic term
  4. D
    refuting a theoretical claim by citing statistical evidence regarding the behavior of venture capital markets
  5. E
    rejecting an intermediate conclusion on the grounds that it contradicts the proponents' main objective

Cevap

The correct answer is the option that identifies both aspects of the critique: the absence of a necessary condition and the introduction of a detrimental effect.
The correct answer perfectly maps to the two distinct ways the advisor attacks the proponents' claim: first, by noting that UBI lacks a necessary ingredient for innovation (capital investment), and second, by arguing that the mechanism for funding UBI (corporate taxes) will actively reduce the capital available, thereby hindering the outcome.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the proponents' argument.
Proponents claim UBI leads to financial security, which will spur entrepreneurial innovation.
Understanding the target of the critique is necessary to evaluate how the critique functions.
2
Analyze the first part of the advisor's critique.
The advisor states that innovation requires capital investment (a necessary condition), which UBI does not provide.
This identifies the first argumentative strategy: pointing out an unfulfilled prerequisite.
3
Analyze the second part of the advisor's critique.
The advisor states that funding UBI via corporate taxes will shrink venture capital, actively harming startups.
This identifies the second argumentative strategy: pointing out a counterproductive consequence of the proposal.
4
Synthesize the two parts to determine the overall method of reasoning.
The argument proceeds by identifying a missing necessary condition and a detrimental side effect of the proposed policy.
A correct 'Method of Reasoning' description must encapsulate the entire primary structure of the argument.

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General Method of Reasoning
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General Method of Reasoning

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