Review the four distinct arguments provided below. For each argument, identify the corresponding abstract principle that, if assumed to be true, logically guarantees the argument's conclusion.
- The board of directors must immediately terminate the CEO. Although the CEO's authorization of a massive stock buyback generated a temporary spike in share prices, the maneuver severely depleted the company's emergency cash reserves, leaving the firm vulnerable to market downturns.Any individual in a leadership capacity who compromises the foundational security of their organization to achieve a transient enhancement in public metrics must be relieved of their leadership duties.
- The navigation algorithms of the autonomous delivery drone complied completely with aviation standards. Because an unpredictable wind shear fundamentally altered the drone's trajectory, causing it to crash into a pedestrian, the drone's manufacturer is entirely free of blame for the incident.The developer of an automated mechanism cannot be assigned culpability for damages inflicted by that mechanism if it functioned strictly within mandated guidelines and the damage was precipitated by unforeseeable environmental anomalies.
- The university's ethics committee must formally sanction Professor Lin. While Lin's recent sociological study yielded unprecedented and groundbreaking insights into crowd psychology, the data was gathered utilizing intentionally deceptive interview techniques.Oversight bodies are strictly required to penalize individuals under their jurisdiction who breach established ethical protocols during their operations, irrespective of the magnitude of any benefits derived from those breaches.
- The newly implemented tariff on imported steel is a fundamentally sound economic policy. Although it will inevitably trigger an increase in domestic construction costs, the tariff successfully shields local steelworkers from the threat of widespread unemployment.An economic directive is considered entirely justified if it effectively prevents the loss of domestic employment, even if the directive simultaneously results in an escalation of broader material expenses.
Cevap
The correct pairings successfully map the specific factual premises of each argument to a generalized, abstract rule that functions as a sufficient assumption, conclusively guaranteeing the stated conclusion.
Each abstract principle functions as a perfect sufficient bridge. By substituting the concrete terms from the scenarios (e.g., 'CEO', 'wind shear', 'tariff') into the abstract logical variables of the corresponding principles (e.g., 'leadership capacity', 'unforeseeable environmental anomalies', 'economic directive'), the arguments are transformed into valid deductive syllogisms.
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Abstract Formalization of Sufficient Principles
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