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Soru

Zorluk: OrtaMust Be True / Most Strongly Supported

Marine biologists investigating benthic ecosystems in deep oceanic trenches have established the following facts:

• Any abyssal organism that derives energy primarily from sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts produces specialized hemoglobin variants.
• Every benthic species that produces specialized hemoglobin variants can survive prolonged periods of severe hypoxia.
• No organism capable of surviving prolonged periods of severe hypoxia can inhabit shallow reef zones with high dissolved oxygen fluctuations.
• Several newly cataloged gastropod species in the trench derive energy primarily from sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?

  1. A
    Any organism capable of surviving prolonged periods of severe hypoxia derives its energy primarily from sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts.
  2. B
    An inability to inhabit shallow reef zones guarantees that an organism produces specialized hemoglobin variants.
  3. At least some of the newly cataloged gastropod species cannot inhabit shallow reef zones with high dissolved oxygen fluctuations.Cevap
  4. D
    All abyssal organisms that produce specialized hemoglobin variants belong to the newly cataloged gastropod species.
  5. E
    Shallow reef zones with high dissolved oxygen fluctuations support a greater overall biomass than benthic trench habitats.

Cevap

At least some of the newly cataloged gastropod species cannot inhabit shallow reef zones with high dissolved oxygen fluctuations.
The conclusion that at least some newly cataloged gastropods cannot inhabit shallow reef zones is logically guaranteed. The stimulus establishes that several newly cataloged gastropods rely on sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts. By following the valid conditional chain (Sulfur-Oxidizing -> Specialized Hemoglobin -> Hypoxia Tolerance -> Inability to Inhabit Shallow Reefs), those particular gastropods must have all downstream characteristics.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Symbolize the formal conditional relationships and quantifier statements from the stimulus.
1. Sulfur-Oxidizing -> Hemoglobin Variants
2. Hemoglobin Variants -> Survives Severe Hypoxia
3. Survives Severe Hypoxia -> Cannot Inhabit Shallow Reefs
4. Some Newly Cataloged Gastropods are Sulfur-Oxidizing.
Clarifies the exact logical structure and rules governing the facts provided.
2
Chain the universal conditional premises together.
Sulfur-Oxidizing -> Hemoglobin Variants -> Survives Severe Hypoxia -> Cannot Inhabit Shallow Reefs.
Allows direct deduction from any sufficient condition to all downstream necessary conditions.
3
Apply the existential quantifier statement to the conditional chain.
Since some newly cataloged gastropods possess the initial sufficient property (Sulfur-Oxidizing), those specific gastropods must possess all subsequent properties in the chain, concluding that at least some newly cataloged gastropods cannot inhabit shallow reef zones.
Determines the single logically necessary inference that must be true.

Anahtar Kavram

Deductive Conditional Chaining and Quantifier Intersection
Tahmini Süre:1m 20s
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Konular

Must Be True / Most Strongly Supported

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