Presented below are several flawed arguments and a series of reasoning criticisms. Which logical flaw description correctly matches each specific argument?
- Ethnomusicologist: An examination of eighteenth-century wooden lutes preserved in aristocratic European estate collections reveals that every specimen was constructed from high-density alpine spruce. Therefore, eighteenth-century instrument makers exclusively utilized high-density alpine spruce when crafting wooden lutes for the general populace.Generalizes about an entire class of historical items based on a sample that is unrepresentative due to selective survival and preservation.
- Agronomist: Agricultural test fields with high population densities of subterranean earthworms consistently exhibit significantly lower incidences of fungal root blight than adjacent fields. Hence, the presence of earthworms directly suppresses the germination of fungal root pathogens.Infers that one observed phenomenon causally suppresses another merely on the basis of a documented correlation between the two.
- Archivist: The municipal gallery cannot afford the specialized hermetically sealed display vitrines required to exhibit the medieval illuminated charter safely. Consequently, the charter must remain permanently locked away in off-site storage vaults.Treats two alternative courses of action as exhaustive while ignoring viable intermediate possibilities.
- Macroeconomist: Each individual commercial firm in the manufacturing district reduces its annual operating expenses when it downsizes its on-site inventory storage. Therefore, if every firm in the district downsizes inventory simultaneously, the aggregate operating expenses of the regional manufacturing sector will necessarily decline.Assumes that a financial characteristic true of each individual constituent must also hold true for the collective whole.
Cevap
The ethnomusicology argument matches the description of unrepresentative sampling; the agronomy argument matches the description of confusing correlation with causation; the archivist argument matches the description of a false dilemma; and the macroeconomics argument matches the description of a part-to-whole composition error.
Each argument corresponds precisely to its structural logical vulnerability: the lute argument generalizes from an unrepresentative aristocratic sample; the earthworm argument illicitly derives direct causation from an observed correlation; the charter argument creates a false dilemma between expensive display vitrines and permanent vault storage; and the manufacturing argument commits the fallacy of composition by transferring an individual firm attribute to the entire economic sector.
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Flaw in the Reasoning
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