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Zorluk: Çok zorParallel Reasoning and Parallel Flaw

A pharmaceutical company will launch a new clinical trial only if the preliminary laboratory data is promising and the requisite funding is secured. The requisite funding for the trial of a new cardiovascular drug has been secured. Therefore, if the preliminary laboratory data for this drug turns out to be promising, the company will launch the clinical trial.

The flawed reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above?

  1. A manuscript will be accepted for publication in the historical journal only if it passes peer review and aligns with the journal's current editorial theme. The recently submitted manuscript on glacial retreat aligns with the current editorial theme. Thus, if it passes peer review, it will be accepted for publication.Cevap
  2. B
    A clinical trial will successfully pass the regulatory audit if it meticulously documents patient consent and reports all minor adverse events. The trial for the new respiratory drug meticulously documented patient consent. Thus, if the trial reports all minor adverse events, it will successfully pass the audit.
  3. C
    A graduate student will be awarded the departmental fellowship only if they submit a comprehensive thesis proposal and maintain a 3.8 grade point average. A particular student did not maintain a 3.8 grade point average. Therefore, the student will not be awarded the departmental fellowship.
  4. D
    An architectural design will win the municipal commission only if it is environmentally sustainable and aesthetically innovative. The proposed library design is environmentally sustainable. Therefore, if it is aesthetically innovative, it will likely win the municipal commission.
  5. E
    A chef will add a new entree to the seasonal menu if it is cost-effective to prepare and popular during the initial tasting phase. The new seafood entree is cost-effective to prepare. Therefore, if it is not popular during the initial tasting phase, it will not be added to the menu.

Cevap

The correct answer is the option stating that a manuscript will be accepted for publication only if it passes peer review and aligns with the editorial theme.
The correct answer exactly mimics the structural flaw of the stimulus. The stimulus establishes that two conditions are necessary for an outcome ('only if'), notes that one condition is met, and falsely concludes that meeting the remaining condition guarantees the outcome. The correct option does exactly this: it establishes passing peer review and aligning with the theme as necessary for publication, notes the theme condition is met, and falsely concludes that passing peer review will guarantee publication.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the logical structure of the stimulus argument.
Premise 1 establishes necessary conditions: Launch -> (Promising AND Funding). Premise 2 affirms one condition: Funding is secured. The Conclusion asserts: Promising -> Launch.
Identifying the formal logic structure is required to find an argument with the exact same blueprint.
2
Identify the logical flaw in the stimulus.
The stimulus treats two necessary conditions as if they are jointly sufficient. It assumes that just because the requirements are met, the outcome is guaranteed.
In Parallel Flaw questions, the correct answer must commit the exact same logical error.
3
Evaluate the answer choices to find the exact structural match.
The correct option sets up: Accepted -> (Peer Review AND Theme). It affirms 'Theme' and concludes 'Peer Review -> Accepted'.
This is a 1-to-1 mapping of the stimulus's flawed logic (A -> B and C; C is true; therefore B -> A), with matching absolute certainty in the conclusion.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Flaw: Mistaken Reversal of Compound Necessary Conditions
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Konular

Parallel Reasoning and Parallel Flaw

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