Tüm alıştırma soruları

862 soru

Soru 781Soru →

An electronic infusion pump is delivering a continuous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride to a client. The healthcare provider prescribes a scheduled dose of an antibiotic to be given via intermittent intravenous piggyback (IVPB). The two solutions are compatible. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct sequence to initiate this therapy.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: First, perform hand hygiene and verify the antibiotic against the MAR. Second, spike the piggyback bag and prime the secondary tubing. Third, scrub the primary tubing access port located above the pump. Fourth, attach the primed secondary tubing to the cleansed port. Fifth, suspend the primary fluid bag lower than the piggyback bag using a hook. Finally, open the clamp and set the rate on the pump.
The correct sequence ensures patient safety, asepsis, and proper functioning of the electronic infusion pump. Verifying the medication and performing hand hygiene are standard initial steps. Preparing and priming the secondary tubing removes dangerous air from the system. Scrubbing the port ensures asepsis. The secondary tubing must strictly be attached to a port above the infusion pump so the machine can control the flow rate. Finally, the primary continuous bag must be lowered using an extension hook so that hydrostatic pressure allows the higher secondary medication to infuse first.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Verify medication and perform hand hygiene.
The correct medication is confirmed and infection risk is minimized.
Patient safety and infection control are the foundational first steps of any procedure.
2
Spike and prime the secondary tubing.
The secondary line is filled with the antibiotic solution.
Priming purges air from the tubing, preventing air embolism.
3
Scrub the primary tubing port located above the infusion pump.
The connection site is decontaminated.
Maintaining an aseptic system prevents bloodstream infections. Using the port above the pump allows the machine to control the secondary rate.
4
Attach the secondary tubing to the primary line.
The secondary line is securely integrated into the patient's existing IV access.
Connects the medication source to the primary delivery system.
5
Suspend the primary bag lower than the secondary bag.
The primary fluid is positioned at a lower height than the antibiotic.
Gravity and hydrostatic pressure dictate that the fluid in the higher bag will infuse first.
6
Set the rate on the pump and start.
The antibiotic infuses at the provider's prescribed rate.
Ensures controlled, safe medication delivery.

Anahtar Kavram

Intravenous Piggyback (IVPB) Administration Sequence
Soru 782Soru →

A client presents to the emergency department reporting severe, crushing chest pain. The client's oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. The healthcare provider prescribes supplemental oxygen, chewable aspirin, sublingual nitroglycerin, and intravenous morphine. Arrange these interventions in the correct sequence of administration from first to last.

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Cevap

The correct sequence of interventions is to first administer oxygen, followed by aspirin, then nitroglycerin, and finally morphine.
In the management of an acute myocardial infarction, the priority is to maximize myocardial oxygenation and minimize workload. Since the client is hypoxic (SpO2 88%), providing supplemental oxygen is the immediate first step. Aspirin is administered next to inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent the thrombus from enlarging. Nitroglycerin follows to dilate coronary arteries and increase blood flow to the ischemic area. Finally, if the pain is not relieved by nitroglycerin, intravenous morphine is administered to provide pain relief and decrease preload and afterload.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Address the immediate physiological need by correcting hypoxia.
Administer supplemental oxygen.
The client's oxygen saturation is 88%; restoring oxygenation to the ischemic myocardium is the absolute highest priority.
2
Administer early pharmacological intervention to prevent clot progression.
Give chewable aspirin.
Aspirin prevents further platelet aggregation and limits the extension of the coronary artery thrombus.
3
Administer medication to improve coronary perfusion.
Administer a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet.
Nitroglycerin vasodilates the coronary arteries, reducing preload and increasing blood flow to the ischemic myocardium.
4
Provide pain relief and reduce cardiac workload for refractory symptoms.
Administer intravenous morphine.
Morphine is used when chest pain is unrelieved by nitroglycerin. It decreases myocardial oxygen demand but is given last to ensure it does not mask early signs of resolving or worsening ischemia.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization of clinical interventions during an acute myocardial infarction to maximize myocardial oxygen supply and minimize cardiac workload.
Soru 783Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving an intravenous infusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Fifteen minutes after the transfusion begins, the client reports a sudden onset of severe lower back pain, chills, and dyspnea. The nurse suspects an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Arrange the following nursing interventions in the correct order of priority from first to last.

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The correct priority sequence is: Stop the blood transfusion, disconnect the blood tubing and initiate normal saline with new tubing, assess the client's vital signs and respiratory status, notify the healthcare provider and blood bank, and finally return the blood bag and administration set to the blood bank.
In any acute medical crisis, the first nursing priority is to remove the noxious stimulus causing the life-threatening decompensation. For a hemolytic transfusion reaction, stopping the blood is the immediate airway/breathing/circulation (ABC) equivalent. Following cessation, maintaining access for emergency treatment is the next physiological necessity, taking care not to introduce more of the offending agent (using new tubing). Only after these two rapid, life-preserving actions are secured should the nurse pause to assess the exact hemodynamic impact, report those findings to the provider, and manage the administrative follow-up of the error.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Stop the blood transfusion immediately.
Cessation of incompatible blood entering the systemic circulation.
Limiting the volume of infused incompatible blood is the absolute highest priority to prevent fatal complications such as acute kidney injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and shock.
2
Disconnect the blood tubing and initiate a normal saline infusion with new tubing.
Maintenance of a patent IV line without infusing additional blood.
Vascular access is required for emergency resuscitation and vasopressors. Flushing the existing tubing would push more incompatible blood into the client, so a completely new normal saline line must be attached directly at the catheter hub.
3
Assess the client's vital signs and respiratory status.
Collection of critical physiological data (blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation).
The nurse needs current baseline data regarding hemodynamic compromise or respiratory failure to accurately report the client's status to the healthcare provider for precise medical orders.
4
Notify the healthcare provider and the blood bank.
Mobilization of the medical team and implementation of facility transfusion reaction protocols.
The provider will prescribe medications (e.g., epinephrine, antihistamines, diuretics) based on the nurse's assessment. The blood bank must be alerted to halt any further blood component distribution for this client.
5
Return the blood bag and administration set to the blood bank.
Preservation of evidence for laboratory analysis.
The blood bank must type and crossmatch the returned unit again to determine the specific incompatibility error. Blood and urine samples from the client are also collected at this stage.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Soru 784Soru →

A client with acute kidney injury is admitted to the progressive care unit. The client's most recent serum potassium level is 8.2 mEq/L8.2 \text{ mEq/L} (8.2 mmol/L8.2 \text{ mmol/L}). The bedside cardiac monitor suddenly displays a widened QRS complex and absent P waves. Arrange the following actions in the physiological priority order the nurse should perform them.

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The correct priority sequence is: 1) Assess airway, breathing, and circulation while calling for assistance, 2) Administer intravenous calcium gluconate, 3) Administer intravenous regular insulin and 50% dextrose, 4) Administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate, 5) Obtain a follow-up ECG and serum potassium level.
The sequence reflects the physiological urgency of hyperkalemic cardiotoxicity. After verifying basic life support (ABCs), the absolute highest priority is stabilizing the cardiac membrane with calcium gluconate to prevent ventricular fibrillation. Once the heart is protected, the nurse rapidly shifts potassium into the cells using insulin. Finally, the nurse eliminates the potassium from the body entirely using sodium polystyrene sulfonate, followed by re-evaluation of the client's status.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Assess the client's airway, breathing, and circulation while calling for rapid assistance.
The nurse ensures the client has not already progressed to pulseless cardiac arrest and mobilizes the emergency response team.
A widened QRS complex with profound hyperkalemia can rapidly degenerate into ventricular fibrillation or asystole. Assessing ABCs is the foundational step in any acute deterioration.
2
Administer prescribed intravenous calcium gluconate.
The myocardial threshold potential is raised, restoring the normal gradient between the resting membrane potential and threshold potential.
Calcium does not lower serum potassium, but it immediately stabilizes the cardiac cell membrane within 1 to 3 minutes, protecting the heart from lethal dysrhythmias while other treatments take effect.
3
Administer prescribed intravenous regular insulin concurrently with 50% dextrose.
Potassium is temporarily shifted out of the bloodstream and into the intracellular space.
Insulin stimulates the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, rapidly driving potassium into the cells (within 15-30 minutes). Dextrose is required to prevent profound iatrogenic hypoglycemia.
4
Administer prescribed sodium polystyrene sulfonate via retention enema.
Potassium is exchanged for sodium in the large intestine and excreted in the stool.
Intracellular shifting is temporary. A cation-exchange resin is required to permanently eliminate potassium from the body, though its onset of action takes hours.
5
Obtain a follow-up 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and repeat the serum basic metabolic panel.
The healthcare team evaluates the efficacy of the interventions.
Continuous monitoring and follow-up diagnostics dictate whether the sequence needs to be repeated or if the client requires emergency hemodialysis.

Anahtar Kavram

In acute symptomatic hyperkalemia with electrocardiogram changes, physiological adaptation requires prioritizing myocardial stabilization (calcium) before intracellular shifting (insulin) or elimination (polystyrene sulfonate).
Soru 785Soru →

A nurse is monitoring a critically ill client who is receiving a continuous intravenous infusion of norepinephrine through a peripheral vein in the right forearm. The nurse assesses the insertion site and notes it is blanched, cold, and swollen, and the client reports severe burning pain. Arrange the following nursing interventions in the correct order of priority to mitigate tissue necrosis.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is to first stop the infusion, then aspirate residual medication, remove the catheter, administer subcutaneous phentolamine, and finally elevate the extremity.
The protocol for vesicant extravasation prioritizes limiting the exposure to the chemical agent immediately. The sequence follows a strict logic: halt the source, remove residual agent from the micro-environment, remove the delivery device, chemically neutralize the agent in the tissue, and provide mechanical support to reduce swelling.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Stop the norepinephrine infusion immediately.
Halts the continuous flow of the vesicant into the subcutaneous tissue.
Immediate cessation of the infusion is the most critical first step to minimize the total volume of tissue-damaging medication delivered.
2
Attach a sterile syringe to the intravenous catheter and attempt to aspirate residual medication.
Removes trapped norepinephrine from the catheter lumen and the immediate venous puncture site.
Aspiration prevents the remaining medication in the tubing and catheter from being pushed or leaking into the tissue when the catheter is manipulated or removed.
3
Remove the intravenous catheter from the client's forearm.
Eliminates the source device from the compromised tissue.
The catheter must be removed prior to administering the antidote to ensure no further vesicant is accidentally flushed into the tissue and to clear the area for subcutaneous injections.
4
Administer prescribed phentolamine subcutaneously in a circular fashion around the blanched area.
Reverses the extreme localized alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction caused by norepinephrine.
Phentolamine induces local vasodilation, restoring perfusion to the ischemic tissue and preventing necrosis. It must be administered directly into the affected tissue, not intravenously.
5
Elevate the client's right arm on pillows.
Utilizes gravity to improve venous and lymphatic drainage from the affected limb.
Elevation reduces hydrostatic pressure at the capillary level, which helps to decrease the accumulation of edema in the compromised tissue.

Anahtar Kavram

Vesicant Extravasation Management and Complication Prevention
Soru 786Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer a large-volume cleansing enema to a client who is experiencing severe constipation. In what order should the nurse perform the following procedural steps? (Arrange from first to last.)

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The correct sequence is: assist the client into the left lateral Sims' position, lubricate the tip of the rectal tube, insert the tube into the rectum, raise the enema container to the proper height, and release the clamp.
The correct sequence aligns with standard clinical practice guidelines for safely administering a large-volume enema. The nurse must first ensure the client is in the proper anatomical position (left lateral Sims) to facilitate gravity flow. Next, the equipment must be prepared by lubricating the tube tip to prevent trauma. The tube is then safely inserted into the rectum. Once inserted, the container is raised to the correct height (12 to 18 inches) to control hydrostatic pressure, and finally, the clamp is released to instill the fluid.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Assist the client into the left lateral Sims' position.
The client is optimally positioned for the procedure.
This position allows the solution to flow downward by gravity along the natural curve of the sigmoid and descending colon, improving fluid retention and clinical results.
2
Apply water-soluble lubricant to the distal tip of the rectal tube.
The tube is ready for safe insertion.
Lubrication significantly reduces friction, preventing painful irritation or mucosal injury to the anus and rectum during the insertion process.
3
Insert the tube gently 3 to 4 inches into the rectum, angling toward the umbilicus.
The tube successfully bypasses the anal sphincters and rests safely in the rectum.
The specified depth and angle follow normal anatomical contours, minimizing the risk of bowel perforation while ensuring the solution effectively reaches the colon.
4
Raise the enema container 12 to 18 inches above the level of the anus.
The proper hydrostatic pressure of the solution is established.
Appropriate elevation ensures a steady, safe flow rate. Holding the bag too high causes rapid instillation, which can lead to painful cramping and an inability to retain the fluid.
5
Release the clamp on the tubing to begin the flow of the solution.
The enema solution instills directly into the lower bowel.
With the patient correctly positioned, the tube safely placed, and the bag height established, the actual fluid administration can safely commence.

Anahtar Kavram

Procedural Sequence for Enema Administration
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 787Soru →

A nurse enters the room of a client receiving intravenous fluids via a central venous catheter (CVC). The nurse discovers that the intravenous tubing has disconnected from the CVC hub. The client is suddenly experiencing severe dyspnea, tachycardia, and a feeling of impending doom. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct order of priority to manage this complication.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is to first clamp the catheter, then position the client in left lateral Trendelenburg, administer high-flow oxygen, notify the rapid response team, and finally assess vital signs.
The client's sudden onset of dyspnea, tachycardia, and feeling of impending doom immediately following a CVC disconnection strongly indicates an air embolism. The priority is to mitigate physiological risk by preventing further air entry (clamping), trapping the existing air to prevent fatal outflow obstruction (left lateral Trendelenburg), treating hypoxia and shrinking the embolus (high-flow oxygen), securing advanced help (rapid response team), and evaluating the client's status (vital signs).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Clamp the central venous catheter.
The entry of additional air into the venous circulation is halted.
Immediate mechanical occlusion of the open hub is required to stop the underlying cause of the complication.
2
Place the client in a left lateral Trendelenburg position.
The air embolus is trapped in the apex of the right atrium.
This specific anatomical positioning prevents the air from migrating into the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, which would cause right ventricular outflow obstruction.
3
Administer high-flow oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
Tissue oxygenation is improved and nitrogen absorption is promoted.
Applying 100% oxygen washes out nitrogen from the blood, accelerating the resorption of the air embolus and treating acute hypoxemia.
4
Notify the rapid response team and healthcare provider.
Advanced medical support is activated.
The client requires critical care interventions, potentially including hyperbaric oxygen therapy or vasopressors, which require advanced medical providers.
5
Assess the client's vital signs and oxygen saturation.
Baseline hemodynamic and respiratory parameters are established.
Continuous monitoring is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and provide essential data to the rapid response team upon their arrival.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of a central venous catheter-related air embolism requires immediate source control, specific client positioning (Durant's maneuver) to trap the air, oxygenation, and rapid escalation of care.
Soru 788Soru →

A nurse enters the room of a client receiving continuous intravenous fluids via a central venous catheter (CVC). The nurse discovers that the IV tubing has disconnected from the catheter hub, leaving it open to the air. The client suddenly becomes tachypneic, diaphoretic, and reports severe shortness of breath. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority order to mitigate the risk of further complications.

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Cevap

The correct sequence of actions for a suspected central line air embolism is: Clamp the catheter, position the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position, administer high-flow oxygen, notify the rapid response team, and finally obtain vital signs with cardiac monitoring.
In the event of a CVC disconnection and a suspected air embolism, the nurse must act immediately to mitigate the risk of a fatal pulmonary occlusion. Clamping the catheter addresses the root cause instantly by stopping the air leak. The left lateral Trendelenburg position anatomically traps the air in the right ventricle, preventing it from entering the pulmonary artery. Oxygen therapy treats ischemia and accelerates the resorption of the air bubble. Once these immediate life-saving physical actions are complete, calling for advanced medical help and assessing hemodynamics are the next priorities.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Clamp the open central venous catheter.
Stops air from entering the circulatory system.
Immediate occlusion of the disconnected hub is the most critical first step to prevent a fatal volume of air from entraining.
2
Place the client in a left lateral Trendelenburg position.
Traps the air bubble in the right side of the heart.
This specific anatomical position (Durant's maneuver) prevents the air from migrating into the pulmonary arterial circulation, which would cause obstructive shock.
3
Administer 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
Relieves hypoxia and reduces embolus size.
High-flow oxygen creates a diffusion gradient that helps reabsorb the nitrogen-rich air bubble while treating the client's shortness of breath.
4
Notify the rapid response team and the healthcare provider.
Escalates care for definitive medical management.
Once immediate physical stabilizing interventions are in place, emergency medical assistance is required for further treatment.
5
Obtain vital signs and initiate continuous cardiac monitoring.
Establishes a hemodynamic baseline and detects arrhythmias.
Continuous assessment is necessary while waiting for the response team to detect right ventricular strain or impending cardiac arrest.

Anahtar Kavram

Emergency Management of a Central Venous Catheter Air Embolism
Soru 789Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client with a T4 spinal cord injury. The client suddenly reports a severe, pounding headache, and the nurse notes profuse diaphoresis above the level of the injury. The client's blood pressure is 210/110 mm Hg. Arrange the following nursing interventions in the correct order of priority from first to last.

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The correct priority sequence is to first elevate the head of the bed, then loosen constrictive clothing, followed by assessing the urinary system, and finally administering a prescribed antihypertensive medication if needed.
For a client experiencing autonomic dysreflexia, the immediate priority is to prevent a cerebrovascular accident by utilizing gravity to lower the blood pressure. Therefore, elevating the head of the bed is always the first action. Following this, the nurse must systematically search for and remove noxious stimuli, beginning with easily correctable external factors like tight clothing, and then assessing for the most common internal trigger, which is bladder distention. Pharmacological interventions are reserved as a last resort if independent nursing measures do not resolve the crisis.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Elevate the head of the bed to a high Fowler's position.
Induces orthostatic hypotension to lower the blood pressure.
The most immediate life-threatening risk is a stroke from severe hypertension; sitting the client up is the fastest way to mechanically lower blood pressure.
2
Loosen any constrictive clothing.
Removes potential external triggers.
Autonomic dysreflexia is triggered by noxious stimuli below the level of injury. Removing external pressure is a rapid, non-invasive step.
3
Assess the urinary system for bladder distention.
Identifies and eliminates the primary internal trigger.
A distended bladder or kinked catheter is the most frequent cause of this condition and must be addressed immediately after stabilizing the blood pressure.
4
Administer a prescribed antihypertensive medication.
Lowers blood pressure pharmacologically.
Medications are used when the noxious stimulus cannot be found or removed, or if the blood pressure remains critically high despite nursing interventions.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization of care for autonomic dysreflexia
Soru 790Soru →

A registered nurse is preparing to administer an intermittent bolus enteral feeding via a nasogastric (NG) tube to a client with dysphagia. Place the following steps in the correct chronological sequence from first to last.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is to first elevate the head of the bed, then verify tube placement, check the gastric residual volume, administer the feeding, and finally flush the tube.
Safe administration of enteral feedings requires a strict sequence to prevent life-threatening complications. Positioning the client upright is the foundational step. Next, the nurse must verify the tube is actually in the stomach by checking the pH of aspirated contents. Once confirmed, the nurse assesses gastric residual volume to ensure the stomach is emptying properly, returning the aspirate to maintain electrolyte balance. The feeding formula is then administered, and finally, the tube is flushed to clear the formula and maintain patency.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Elevate the head of the bed to 30 to 45 degrees.
The client is in a semi-Fowler's position.
Reduces the risk of aspiration by utilizing gravity to keep stomach contents from refluxing.
2
Verify correct tube placement by aspirating and checking the pH of gastric contents.
The tube's location in the stomach is confirmed.
Ensures fluids will be instilled into the gastrointestinal tract, not the lungs.
3
Assess the gastric residual volume (GRV) and return the aspirate to the client.
Feeding tolerance is established and gastric contents are replaced.
High residual volumes indicate poor digestion and risk for aspiration. Returning the aspirate prevents electrolyte imbalances.
4
Administer the prescribed enteral feeding formula by gravity.
The client receives the required nutrition.
Provides caloric and nutritional intake as prescribed.
5
Flush the nasogastric tube with 30 mL of water.
The tube is cleared of formula.
Prevents tube occlusion and bacterial growth within the lumen.

Anahtar Kavram

Enteral Nutrition Administration and Aspiration Prevention
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 791Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client with a spinal cord injury at the T4 level. The client suddenly reports a severe, throbbing headache. The nurse notes facial flushing, diaphoresis above the level of injury, and a blood pressure of 210/110 mm Hg. To reduce the risk of a severe complication, arrange the following nursing interventions in the correct sequential order.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: 1) Elevate the head of the bed, 2) loosen constrictive clothing, 3) assess the urinary system, 4) examine the rectum for impaction, and finally 5) administer a prescribed antihypertensive medication.
The sequence follows the standard pathophysiological management of autonomic dysreflexia: immediate mechanical reduction of blood pressure via positioning, followed by the systematic identification and removal of noxious stimuli (clothing, bladder, bowel), and finally utilizing pharmacological intervention if conservative measures fail.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Elevate the head of the bed to a sitting or high-Fowler's position.
Induces orthostatic hypotension.
This utilizes gravity to provide an immediate, passive reduction in the critically high blood pressure, mitigating the risk of intracranial hemorrhage.
2
Loosen any constrictive clothing, tight bands, or braces.
Removes external physical stimuli.
Even mild external pressure below the level of injury can trigger or exacerbate the exaggerated sympathetic response.
3
Assess the urinary system for bladder distention or catheter obstruction.
Identifies the most frequent internal trigger.
A distended bladder is the leading cause of autonomic dysreflexia; draining the bladder often resolves the hypertensive crisis entirely.
4
Examine the rectum for fecal impaction if no urinary issues are found.
Evaluates the second most common internal trigger.
If the bladder is empty, bowel distention must be ruled out. An anesthetic ointment must be used prior to digital examination to prevent worsening the sympathetic surge.
5
Administer a prescribed short-acting antihypertensive medication if hypertension persists.
Lowers blood pressure pharmacologically.
Medications are reserved for situations where non-pharmacological interventions fail to lower the blood pressure or if the noxious stimulus cannot be immediately identified.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization in the management of autonomic dysreflexia
Soru 792Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client admitted with pneumonia who has a continuous, compatible 0.9% sodium chloride infusion running at 75 mL/hr. The nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed intravenous (IV) push dose of dexamethasone. In which order should the nurse perform the following actions? Arrange the steps from first to last.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: clean the port closest to the client, attach the medication syringe, pinch the primary tubing above the port, inject the medication slowly, and finally release the tubing to allow the primary fluid to flush the line.
Administering an IV push medication through a compatible continuous infusion requires a specific sequence to ensure safety and efficacy. Infection control comes first by cleaning the port. The syringe is then attached. The nurse must pinch the tubing above the port to ensure the medication flows toward the client, not back up the tubing. The medication is then injected at a safe rate. Finally, releasing the tubing allows the continuous fluid to flush the line, ensuring the complete dose reaches the client.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Clean the Y-site injection port closest to the client with an antiseptic wipe.
The entry point is disinfected.
Prevents the introduction of microorganisms into the client's bloodstream during administration.
2
Attach the syringe containing the prepared medication to the injection port.
The syringe is connected to the IV system.
Establishes a secure, closed route for the medication to enter the IV line.
3
Pinch the primary intravenous tubing just above the injection port.
Fluid flow from the primary bag is temporarily halted.
Directs the medication downward toward the client rather than allowing it to travel back up the primary line.
4
Inject the medication slowly over the recommended amount of time.
The medication enters the client's vein.
Delivers the therapeutic dose at a safe rate, preventing speed shock or severe cardiovascular reactions.
5
Release the primary tubing to allow the continuous infusion to flush the line.
The continuous fluid resumes flowing into the client.
Ensures the remainder of the medication trapped in the lower tubing is fully flushed into the client's systemic circulation.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe Administration of Intravenous Push Medications via Continuous Infusion
Soru 793Soru →

A nurse is preparing to discontinue a client's non-tunneled central venous catheter (CVC) located in the right subclavian vein. Place the following nursing actions in the correct chronological order to ensure safe removal and prevent complications.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: Position the client supine, instruct them to perform the Valsalva maneuver, withdraw the catheter smoothly, apply immediate firm pressure, and finally secure an occlusive dressing.
Following this specific chronological sequence ensures that the intrathoracic pressure remains higher than atmospheric pressure during the exact moment the vein is exposed. This effectively prevents air from entering the central circulation. Subsequent immediate pressure and the application of an occlusive dressing maintain hemostasis and provide an airtight seal.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Position the client flat in a supine position.
Central venous pressure is increased.
Lowering the head of the bed prevents negative pressure in the central veins, which is the primary mechanism that can draw air into the circulation.
2
Instruct the client to take a deep breath, hold it, and bear down.
Intrathoracic pressure is temporarily maximized.
The Valsalva maneuver ensures that pressure inside the chest is higher than atmospheric pressure, providing a protective barrier against air embolism during catheter removal.
3
Withdraw the catheter in a smooth, continuous motion.
The catheter is removed safely.
Smooth removal prevents catheter breakage and must occur while the patient is actively maintaining the Valsalva maneuver.
4
Apply immediate, firm pressure to the site with a sterile gauze pad.
Hemostasis is achieved and the tract is manually sealed.
Immediate pressure stops venous bleeding and acts as a physical barrier to air until the tract can be dressed.
5
Secure an air-tight, occlusive dressing over the insertion site.
The insertion site is protected from air and infection.
An occlusive dressing prevents delayed air entry through the residual catheter tract while the tissue heals over the next 24 to 72 hours.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe removal of a central venous catheter requires meticulous interventions to increase central venous pressure and prevent a potentially fatal air embolism.
Soru 794Soru →

A client is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The client is lethargic with Kussmaul respirations and a capillary blood glucose of 580 mg/dL (32.2 mmol/L). The nurse is preparing to initiate the prescribed treatment plan. In what order should the nurse implement the following actions? Arrange the interventions from highest priority to lowest priority.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: 1) Administer a rapid bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride intravenously; 2) Verify the serum potassium level is above 3.3 mEq/L (3.3 mmol/L); 3) Start a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin; 4) Perform hourly capillary blood glucose monitoring; 5) Add 5% dextrose to the intravenous fluid replacement.
The standard protocol for Diabetic Ketoacidosis prioritizes immediate circulatory support followed by safe metabolic correction. Fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline is the absolute first step to correct severe hypovolemia and restore kidney perfusion. Next, the nurse must verify that serum potassium is sufficient (typically > 3.3 mEq/L) because insulin therapy will cause an intracellular shift of potassium, which could lead to fatal hypokalemia. Once a safe potassium level is confirmed, an intravenous continuous regular insulin infusion is started to halt lipolysis and clear ketoacids. With insulin running, hourly blood glucose monitoring is essential to titrate the dose accurately and avoid a precipitous drop. Finally, when blood glucose drops to approximately 250 mg/dL, the IV fluids are changed to include 5% dextrose to prevent sudden hypoglycemia and the rapid fluid shifts that cause fatal cerebral edema.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Administer a rapid bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride.
Intravascular volume is expanded and tissue perfusion is restored.
Severe dehydration and hypovolemia are the most immediate life-threatening complications of DKA and must be corrected first to prevent hypovolemic shock.
2
Verify the serum potassium level is above 3.3 mEq/L (3.3 mmol/L).
Safety for initiating insulin therapy is established.
Insulin drives potassium into the cells along with glucose. Giving insulin to a hypokalemic client can trigger fatal cardiac dysrhythmias.
3
Start a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin.
Blood glucose levels begin to decrease and ketoacid production stops.
Insulin is required to correct the underlying metabolic acidosis, halt lipolysis, and reverse the DKA.
4
Perform hourly capillary blood glucose monitoring.
The rate of glucose decline is closely tracked.
Close monitoring allows for accurate insulin titration and prevents dangerously rapid drops in blood sugar.
5
Add 5% dextrose to the intravenous fluid replacement.
Hypoglycemia and rapid osmotic fluid shifts are prevented.
When blood glucose drops to 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L), dextrose must be added to prevent cerebral edema while the insulin infusion continues to clear the ketoacids.

Anahtar Kavram

The priority sequence for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) management centers on resolving life-threatening hypovolemia first, followed by careful electrolyte management before initiating insulin therapy, to prevent severe complications such as hypokalemia and cerebral edema.
Soru 795Soru →

A nursing team is preparing to transfer an immobile client from a bed to a stretcher using a slide board (transfer board) and a draw sheet. Place the following steps in the correct chronological order to ensure a safe transfer.

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Cevap

The correct sequence for a safe slide board transfer is to position and lock the surfaces with the bed slightly higher, turn the client away, place the board under the draw sheet, roll the client supine onto the board, and finally pull the client across.
A safe lateral transfer with a slide board requires meticulous chronological preparation. First, the environment must be secured by locking the stretcher against the bed and adjusting the bed height slightly higher to let gravity assist the movement. Next, the client is turned away from the transfer direction to expose the back. The board is then positioned underneath the draw sheet to bridge the gap securely. The client is rolled back into a supine position so their weight is supported evenly on the board. Finally, using a coordinated pull on the draw sheet, the nursing team slides the client smoothly across the low-friction board onto the stretcher.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Align and prepare the transfer surfaces.
The bed is flat, locked, and slightly higher than the locked stretcher.
Reduces lifting effort by using gravity and prevents the surfaces from separating during the transfer.
2
Position the client for board placement.
The client is turned laterally away from the stretcher.
Exposes the dependent side of the client's body so the board can be inserted securely underneath.
3
Insert the slide board.
The slide board bridges the bed and stretcher underneath the client's draw sheet.
Provides a smooth, continuous bridge. Placing it under the draw sheet prevents shear injuries to the client's skin.
4
Reposition the client onto the board.
The client is resting supine, centered on the slide board.
Ensures the client's weight is fully supported by the board before any lateral movement begins.
5
Perform the lateral transfer.
The client is successfully moved onto the stretcher.
Using the draw sheet minimizes friction and protects both the client's skin and the nurses' backs.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe client transfer techniques using assistive devices
Soru 796Soru →

A clinical nurse is preparing to discontinue a non-tunneled central venous access device (CVAD) located in the right internal jugular vein of an adult client. To minimize the risk of a venous air embolism and promote physiological integrity, in what order should the nurse execute these interventions? Arrange the steps in the correct chronological sequence.

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The correct sequence for CVAD removal minimizes the risk of air embolism by manipulating intrathoracic pressure and securing the site: position supine, initiate Valsalva maneuver, withdraw the catheter, apply firm pressure, and finally secure an occlusive dressing.
Central venous access device removal carries a high risk for venous air embolism due to the potential for negative intrathoracic pressure to draw air into the open vein. The correct sequence systematically eliminates this risk: supine positioning raises central venous pressure; the Valsalva maneuver creates a positive pressure gradient; withdrawing the catheter during this positive pressure ensures air is repelled; applying immediate manual pressure achieves hemostasis; and sealing the site with a petroleum-based occlusive dressing prevents air entry through the unhealed tissue tract.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Position the client flat in a supine position.
Increases central venous pressure.
Keeps the insertion site at or below heart level, mitigating negative pressure gradients that draw air inward.
2
Instruct the client to perform the Valsalva maneuver.
Elevates intrathoracic pressure.
Creates a positive pressure state inside the central veins that repels atmospheric air from entering the open tract.
3
Withdraw the catheter smoothly and continuously.
Removes the device safely.
Catheter removal must coincide exactly with peak intrathoracic pressure to ensure no air is aspirated.
4
Apply firm, continuous manual pressure.
Achieves hemostasis.
Direct pressure prevents hematoma formation and bleeding from the large vessel puncture site.
5
Secure an airtight occlusive dressing.
Seals the insertion tract.
Prevents delayed air entry over the next 24 to 48 hours while the subcutaneous tissue tract fully closes.

Anahtar Kavram

Prevention of venous air embolism during central venous access device (CVAD) removal
Soru 797Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving an intravenous infusion of ceftriaxone for a severe infection. Ten minutes into the infusion, the client suddenly reports throat tightness, severe dizziness, and develops visible facial swelling. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct order of priority.

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Stop the infusion, assess the airway and apply oxygen, administer intramuscular epinephrine, initiate an IV fluid bolus, and finally administer intravenous diphenhydramine.
The correct sequence relies on the core principles of emergency management: removing the offending agent, stabilizing the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation), and administering therapies in order of life-saving necessity. Stopping the antibiotic halts further antigen exposure. Immediately assessing the airway and oxygenating the client addresses the highest immediate risk (asphyxiation). Epinephrine is the definitive primary treatment for anaphylaxis to reverse respiratory and hemodynamic compromise. IV fluids then support circulation to correct distributive shock. Finally, adjunctive medications like diphenhydramine are given to manage non-life-threatening symptoms.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Remove the triggering stimulus.
The intravenous ceftriaxone infusion is immediately discontinued.
Continuing the infusion will worsen the anaphylactic reaction and accelerate cardiovascular and respiratory collapse.
2
Prioritize Airway and Breathing.
Airway patency is assessed and high-flow oxygen is administered.
Anaphylaxis commonly causes laryngeal edema and bronchospasm, making airway protection the most critical physiological priority after removing the trigger.
3
Administer life-saving pharmacology.
Intramuscular epinephrine is injected.
Epinephrine provides rapid alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation to relieve airway obstruction and elevate blood pressure.
4
Support Circulation.
A rapid bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride is initiated.
Massive vasodilation leads to distributive shock and severe hypotension, requiring immediate intravascular volume expansion.
5
Provide adjunctive symptom management.
Intravenous diphenhydramine is administered.
H1 receptor antagonists alleviate peripheral symptoms like pruritus and urticaria, but they do not treat the primary life-threatening manifestations of anaphylaxis.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization of emergency interventions during acute anaphylactic shock.
Soru 798Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client with a history of heart failure who suddenly develops severe dyspnea, becomes extremely restless, and expectorates pink, frothy sputum. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct sequence of priority from first to last.

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The correct priority sequence is to elevate the head of the bed first, apply high-flow oxygen second, administer the intravenous diuretic third, and insert the urinary catheter last.
In the setting of acute pulmonary edema, the client is experiencing acute respiratory distress due to fluid shifting rapidly into the alveoli. According to airway-breathing-circulation (ABC) prioritization, the most immediate action that can be taken without waiting for equipment is to elevate the head of the bed. This decreases venous return (preload) and allows the lungs to expand fully. Next, high-flow oxygen must be applied to directly treat the resulting severe hypoxia. Once the client's respiratory status is immediately supported, the nurse should administer the prescribed intravenous loop diuretic to eliminate the excess fluid causing the edema. Finally, inserting an indwelling urinary catheter allows for accurate measurement of the profound diuresis that will follow the diuretic administration, enabling precise evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Elevate the head of the bed to a high Fowler's position.
Decreased venous return and increased thoracic expansion.
This is an immediate physical intervention requiring no equipment that rapidly improves respiratory mechanics.
2
Apply high-flow oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
Increased alveolar oxygen concentration.
Hypoxia must be treated immediately after physically optimizing the airway and chest expansion.
3
Administer the prescribed intravenous loop diuretic.
Initiation of rapid fluid mobilization and diuresis.
Medications to reduce fluid overload and cardiac preload are administered after initial respiratory stabilization.
4
Insert a prescribed indwelling urinary catheter.
Accurate output monitoring system established.
Strict measurement of urinary output is essential to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of the diuretic.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization in Acute Pulmonary Edema
Soru 799Soru →

A clinical nurse is preparing to obtain a blood specimen from an adult client's central venous access device (CVAD). To reduce the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), inaccurate laboratory results, and catheter occlusion, place the following actions in the correct chronological order.

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The correct sequence for obtaining a blood specimen from a central line is: suspend continuous infusions, scrub the connector hub, flush and withdraw the discard volume, collect the blood specimen, and perform a final flush of the catheter.
The correct sequence prioritizes patient safety and sample integrity. First, continuous infusions must be suspended to prevent altering the laboratory results. Next, the needleless connector must be scrubbed and allowed to dry to prevent introducing pathogens (central line-associated bloodstream infection). After disinfection, the nurse flushes the line to assess patency and withdraws a discard volume to clear the catheter of any residual fluid or medication. A new, sterile device is then attached to collect the uncontaminated diagnostic specimen. Finally, the catheter must be flushed using a pulsatile technique to clear all red blood cells and prevent catheter occlusion.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Suspend any continuous intravenous infusions running through the central venous access device.
Infusions are halted prior to accessing the line.
Prevents contamination of the blood sample with infused medications or fluids, reducing the risk of inaccurate laboratory results and inappropriate medical interventions.
2
Scrub the needleless connector hub with an appropriate antiseptic swab and allow it to dry completely.
The access point is disinfected.
Eliminates surface pathogens on the hub, reducing the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) during access.
3
Attach an empty syringe, flush the catheter with 0.9% sodium chloride, and withdraw the designated discard volume.
Patency is confirmed and the line is cleared of residual fluid.
Flushing confirms the line is patent. Withdrawing a discard volume (typically 3-5 mL) removes residual flush solution and medications from the catheter space.
4
Connect a new sterile syringe or vacutainer to collect the required blood specimen for laboratory analysis.
The diagnostic sample is safely collected.
A clean syringe or collection device is used to ensure the sample sent to the laboratory is pure and uncontaminated by the discard volume.
5
Flush the catheter lumen with 0.9% sodium chloride using a pulsatile technique.
The catheter is cleared of blood.
A pulsatile (push-pause) flush creates turbulence, effectively clearing red blood cells from the catheter walls and reducing the risk of thrombosis or occlusion.

Anahtar Kavram

The correct sequence for drawing blood from a central venous access device prioritizes infection control, sample accuracy, and the prevention of catheter occlusion.
Soru 800Soru →

An adult client arrives at the emergency department presenting with profound lethargy, deep and rapid Kussmaul respirations, and a fruity breath odor. Laboratory results reveal a blood glucose of 680 mg/dL (37.7 mmol/L), a serum pH of 7.15, and positive serum ketones. Arrange the following collaborative interventions in the correct sequence of priority.

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Cevap

The correct sequence prioritizes hemodynamic stability and safety: administer intravenous fluids first, check the potassium level second, start the continuous regular insulin infusion third, add dextrose to the fluids when glucose falls below 250 mg/dL fourth, and transition to subcutaneous insulin fifth.
The established protocol for severe metabolic decompensation prioritizes ABCs and hemodynamics. Dehydration from osmotic diuresis requires immediate 0.9% sodium chloride to restore vascular volume. Next, potassium must be evaluated because insulin drives potassium into cells, risking life-threatening hypokalemia. Only after volume and electrolytes are secured is regular insulin infused to correct the acidosis. Dextrose is later added when glucose drops below 250 mg/dL to prevent hypoglycemia while waiting for ketones to clear. Finally, a subcutaneous insulin dose provides overlapping coverage before the intravenous drip is stopped.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Initiate fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride.
Intravascular volume is restored.
Hyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis leading to severe dehydration. Perfusion must be restored before giving insulin to prevent circulatory collapse.
2
Check the serum potassium level.
Baseline potassium is established.
Insulin drives potassium back into the cells. If the client is already hypokalemic, giving insulin immediately can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
3
Begin the regular insulin infusion.
Ketogenesis is halted and acidosis begins to correct.
Continuous intravenous insulin is the definitive treatment to suppress lipolysis and resolve the metabolic acidosis.
4
Add 5% dextrose to the IV fluids.
Hypoglycemia is prevented.
Blood glucose usually normalizes before the acidosis is fully resolved. Adding dextrose allows the insulin infusion to continue safely until the anion gap closes.
5
Administer subcutaneous insulin.
A transition to maintenance therapy is established.
Subcutaneous insulin must be initiated before turning off the IV insulin drip to ensure continuous basal coverage and prevent a relapse into ketoacidosis.

Anahtar Kavram

The acute management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) strictly prioritizes fluid resuscitation followed by electrolyte evaluation before the administration of insulin.
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