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Soru 101Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer a large-volume cleansing enema to a client experiencing severe constipation. Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence from first to last. All options must be used.

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The correct procedural sequence is to first position the client on their left side, lubricate the tubing tip, insert the tube into the rectum, initiate the fluid flow at the appropriate height, and finally, adjust the flow if the client develops cramping.
Administering an enema requires a strict sequence of steps to ensure patient safety and procedure efficacy. Positioning the client on their left side (Sims position) is the first priority to align with colon anatomy. Lubricating the tube must occur immediately before insertion to prevent mucosal tears. Once inserted 3 to 4 inches towards the umbilicus, the nurse elevates the bag (no more than 18 inches) to initiate flow by gravity. Finally, if the client experiences cramping during infusion, the nurse must intervene by lowering the bag or clamping the tubing to slow the flow and relieve spasms.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Assist the client into a left lateral (Sims) position.
The client is properly positioned for the procedure.
This position follows the anatomical contour of the descending colon and promotes fluid retention.
2
Apply water-soluble lubricant to the tip of the rectal tube.
The tube tip is slippery and ready for insertion.
Lubrication prevents tissue friction and mucosal injury.
3
Insert the tubing 3 to 4 inches into the rectum.
The tube safely enters the rectal vault.
This precise depth ensures fluid is delivered effectively without risking bowel wall perforation.
4
Elevate the enema bag to a maximum of 18 inches and unclamp.
Fluid begins to flow into the colon via gravity.
Holding the bag at this height ensures a safe, steady flow rate.
5
Lower the container or clamp the tubing if the client experiences cramping.
The flow rate decreases or pauses.
This mitigates patient discomfort and intestinal spasms without abandoning the procedure entirely.

Anahtar Kavram

Procedural Sequence: Cleansing Enema Administration
Soru 102Soru →

A nurse is preparing to remove a client's non-tunneled central venous catheter (CVC). To minimize the risk of a potential air embolism and ensure client safety, arrange the following nursing actions in the correct chronological sequence.

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The correct sequence for removing a central venous catheter is to first position the client supine, then have them perform the Valsalva maneuver, withdraw the catheter, apply immediate pressure, and finally secure an occlusive dressing.
To reduce the risk of an air embolism during central line removal, the nurse must ensure that central venous pressure remains higher than atmospheric pressure. This is achieved sequentially by patient positioning, active breathing techniques, safe withdrawal, and immediate mechanical sealing of the tract.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Position the client flat in a supine or slight Trendelenburg position.
Central venous pressure is increased.
This prevents gravity from drawing air into the vein during removal.
2
Instruct the client to take a deep breath and bear down (Valsalva maneuver).
Intrathoracic pressure is elevated.
Higher intrathoracic pressure prevents atmospheric air from entering the central circulation.
3
Withdraw the catheter smoothly and continuously.
The catheter is removed from the vein.
Doing this while the client bears down ensures the tract is open only during positive pressure.
4
Apply immediate, firm pressure to the insertion site using sterile gauze.
Hemostasis is promoted and the tract is covered.
This prevents bleeding and immediately blocks any air entry.
5
Secure an airtight, occlusive dressing over the insertion site.
The insertion site is completely sealed.
This provides a long-term barrier against air entry and infection while the skin tract heals.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe removal of a central venous catheter requires maintaining positive intrathoracic pressure to reduce the risk of a life-threatening air embolism.
Soru 103Soru →

A nurse enters a client's room and discovers that the intravenous tubing has accidentally disconnected from the client's central venous catheter (CVC) hub. The client is suddenly dyspneic, coughing, tachypneic, and grasping their chest. In which order should the nurse perform the following actions to minimize the client's risk for complications? (Arrange the actions from first to last.)

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1. Clamp the central venous catheter. 2. Place the client in a left lateral Trendelenburg position. 3. Administer 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask. 4. Activate the rapid response team and notify the healthcare provider. 5. Obtain a full set of vital signs and monitor oxygen saturation.
In the event of a central line disconnection and suspected air embolism, the nurse must act immediately to reduce the risk of a fatal complication. The sequence follows a clear hierarchy: stop the source (clamp), contain the existing damage (positioning), treat the symptoms (oxygen), call for advanced help, and finally reassess.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Clamp the central venous catheter.
The source of the air leak is secured.
An open central line creates a pressure gradient that pulls air into the venous system. Clamping is the most rapid way to stop the ongoing physiological insult.
2
Place the client in a left lateral Trendelenburg position.
The air embolus is localized and trapped.
This specific position keeps the air bubble in the apex of the right ventricle, preventing it from migrating into the pulmonary arterial system and causing an outflow obstruction.
3
Administer 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
Hypoxia is addressed and the air bubble size is reduced.
High-flow oxygen treats tissue hypoxia and washes out nitrogen, hastening the resorption of the air bubble in the bloodstream.
4
Activate the rapid response team and notify the healthcare provider.
Advanced medical support is mobilized.
The client requires critical care interventions, which may include emergency aspiration of the air from the right atrium.
5
Obtain a full set of vital signs and monitor oxygen saturation.
A hemodynamic baseline is established for the incoming team.
Once life-saving measures are in place, the nurse evaluates the client's response to the interventions and monitors for further deterioration.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of Central Venous Catheter Air Embolism
Soru 104Soru →

A nurse is removing a central venous catheter (CVC) from a client's right subclavian vein. Immediately after the catheter is withdrawn, the client suddenly gasps for air, becomes profoundly cyanotic, and reports severe chest pain. In which order should the nurse perform the following emergency interventions? Arrange the actions from first (highest priority) to last (lowest priority).

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The correct priority sequence is: 1) Apply a sterile occlusive dressing, 2) Place the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position, 3) Administer 100%100\% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask, 4) Notify the rapid response team and healthcare provider, and 5) Assess the client's vital signs and continuous oxygen saturation.
The correct sequence for managing a suspected air embolism prioritizes stopping the source, preventing catastrophic physiological spread, and treating the immediate hypoxic consequences. The very first action must be to apply an occlusive dressing to seal the open vein and prevent further air entrainment. Immediately following this, the nurse must place the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position (Durant's maneuver); this traps the air bubble in the right ventricular apex, preventing it from migrating into the pulmonary artery and causing right ventricular outflow obstruction. Once the air is trapped and the source is sealed, administering 100%100\% oxygen is critical to treat severe hypoxia and facilitate the reabsorption of nitrogen gas from the bubble. With these life-saving, independent bedside interventions complete, the nurse must then notify the rapid response team and healthcare provider for advanced medical support. Finally, continuous assessment of vital signs and oxygen saturation is required to evaluate the client's clinical trajectory while waiting for the emergency team to arrive.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's clinical presentation immediately following the procedure.
The sudden onset of gasping, profound cyanosis, and severe chest pain immediately following CVC removal strongly indicates a suspected life-threatening air embolism.
Rapid recognition of this complication is essential for directing the immediate sequence of prioritization.
2
Prioritize interventions based on the principle of stopping the immediate source of harm.
Applying a sterile occlusive dressing is identified as the absolute first action.
If the insertion site remains open to atmospheric pressure during inspiration, more air will be sucked into the venous system, catastrophically exacerbating the embolism.
3
Determine the next action required to prevent complete cardiovascular collapse.
Placing the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position is selected as the second action.
This specific position utilizes gravity to keep the air bubble in the apex of the right ventricle, preventing it from migrating and completely blocking the pulmonary artery.
4
Sequence the remaining supportive and communicative actions.
Administer oxygen, call for emergency assistance, and then monitor vital signs.
Oxygen treats the resulting hypoxia. Once the patient is stabilized as much as possible by the nurse's independent actions, advanced medical help must be summoned. Continuous monitoring follows to evaluate the response.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization of emergency interventions for a suspected air embolism following central line removal.
Soru 105Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client with a T4 spinal cord injury. The client suddenly reports a severe, pounding headache. The nurse observes profuse diaphoresis above the level of the spinal injury, facial flushing, and a blood pressure of 214/114 mm Hg. In what order should the nurse perform the following interventions? Arrange the actions from first to last.

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The correct sequence is: elevate the head of the bed, loosen constrictive clothing, assess the catheter for kinks, administer antihypertensive medication if unresolved, and then notify the healthcare provider.
In autonomic dysreflexia, a noxious stimulus below the level of injury causes an uninhibited sympathetic response, leading to severe hypertension. The sequence prioritizes immediate physiological safety (sitting the client up to drop BP), followed by trigger elimination (loosening clothes, checking the bladder), escalating to medical intervention (antihypertensives) if unresolved, and finally reporting the event.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Elevate the head of the bed to a high Fowler's position.
Induces orthostatic hypotension.
Immediate blood pressure reduction is the top priority to prevent a stroke in autonomic dysreflexia.
2
Loosen constrictive clothing, such as belts or abdominal binders.
Removes secondary sensory triggers.
Tight clothing can sustain or worsen the sympathetic reflex arc.
3
Assess the urinary catheter tubing for kinks or obstruction.
Identifies and resolves the primary noxious stimulus.
Bladder distension is the leading cause of autonomic dysreflexia; removing the trigger often resolves the crisis.
4
Administer the prescribed PRN rapid-acting antihypertensive medication.
Pharmacologically lowers blood pressure.
Used if independent nursing measures (positioning and trigger removal) fail to resolve the severe hypertension.
5
Notify the primary healthcare provider of the event.
Communicates the client's status and interventions.
Requires medical follow-up after immediate stabilization measures have been exhausted or completed.

Anahtar Kavram

Autonomic Dysreflexia Emergency Management
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 106Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer an intermittent bolus enteral feeding to a client via a gastrostomy tube. Place the following nursing actions in the correct chronological order.

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The correct sequence is: Position the client, measure gastric residual volume, flush with water, administer formula, and perform a final flush before clamping.
Administering a bolus enteral feeding requires a logical sequence prioritizing safety and aspiration prevention. First, the client must be placed in a semi-Fowler's position (30-45 degrees) to enlist gravity in preventing aspiration. Second, the nurse must assess the gastric residual volume to evaluate tolerance of previous feedings and confirm the stomach is not overly full. Third, a pre-flush of 30 mL of water is administered to confirm tube patency and clear the line. Fourth, the prescribed feeding formula is administered. Finally, a post-flush of 30 mL of water is required to clear formula from the tube lumen, preventing bacterial growth and tube occlusion, followed by clamping the tube.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Position the client with the head of the bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees.
The client is in a semi-Fowler's position.
Elevating the head of the bed utilizes gravity to prevent gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration of stomach contents.
2
Aspirate and measure the gastric residual volume.
Gastric emptying and tolerance are assessed.
Residuals must be checked prior to instilling any fluids to ensure the stomach is not overly distended from delayed emptying.
3
Flush the gastrostomy tube with 30 mL of water.
The tube is cleared and patency is verified.
Flushing verifies that the tube is open and ready to receive the feeding formula.
4
Administer the prescribed volume of enteral feeding formula.
The client receives the nutritional feeding.
The formula is instilled only after verifying safety and patency.
5
Flush the tube with an additional 30 mL of water and clamp the device.
The tube is cleared of formula residue.
Post-feeding flushes prevent the formula from coagulating and occluding the tube lumen.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe administration of enteral tube feedings involves strict adherence to sequencing: positioning for aspiration precautions, assessing tolerance, verifying patency, administering the nutrient, and maintaining patency post-feed.
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 107Soru →

A client receiving a packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion suddenly reports severe lower back pain, chills, and shortness of breath. Suspecting an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority order to mitigate further risk to the client.

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The correct sequence is to first stop the transfusion, then maintain IV access with normal saline using new tubing, followed by assessing the client, notifying the provider, and finally sending the equipment to the blood bank.
In any severe adverse reaction to a therapeutic infusion, the immediate priority is to stop the causative agent. Once stopped, IV access must be preserved for emergency management by initiating normal saline with entirely new tubing, ensuring no residual blood is flushed into the patient. Assessment follows to gauge the patient's stability, which dictates the crucial clinical data provided when notifying the healthcare provider. Finally, institutional protocols for laboratory analysis (sending the bag and tubing) are completed once the client is stabilized.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Stop the transfusion immediately.
Halt of incompatible blood administration.
Limits the amount of antigen entering the body, minimizing the severity of the hemolytic reaction.
2
Change the IV tubing and run normal saline.
Patent IV line established without administering residual blood.
Provides venous access for emergency resuscitative drugs while preventing further administration of the incompatible blood trapped in the old tubing.
3
Assess the client's vital signs.
Baseline physiological data obtained.
Determines the extent of systemic compromise (e.g., shock, respiratory distress) to provide accurate information to the healthcare provider.
4
Notify the healthcare provider and blood bank.
Medical team activated.
Collaborative care is initiated for definitive pharmacological treatment, and institutional adverse reaction protocols are engaged.
5
Send equipment to the laboratory.
Evidence collected and transported.
Essential for determining the exact mismatch (retyping and crossmatching) and preventing future occurrences.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Soru 108Soru →

A multidisciplinary team is preparing to remove a pleural chest tube from a client whose lung has fully re-expanded. As the nurse assisting with the procedure, arrange the following actions in the correct chronological sequence to minimize the risk of complications. All options must be used.

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Cevap

The correct chronological sequence is to premedicate the client, instruct them to perform the Valsalva maneuver during removal, apply an occlusive dressing immediately, perform a clinical respiratory assessment, and finally obtain a verifying radiograph.
The primary goal during chest tube removal is preventing air from re-entering the pleural space while minimizing client discomfort. Analgesia is administered first to allow the medication to take effect. During the actual removal, the Valsalva maneuver (bearing down) ensures positive intrathoracic pressure, pushing air outward rather than pulling it in. The moment the tube exits, an occlusive petroleum dressing is applied to seal the tract. Only after the insertion site is physically secured does the nurse assess clinical respiratory status, which is then followed by a radiograph for definitive confirmation of lung expansion.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Administer analgesia.
Client pain is proactively managed prior to the procedure.
Promotes comfort and compliance during an otherwise painful extraction.
2
Instruct the Valsalva maneuver.
Intrathoracic pressure increases.
Prevents atmospheric air from being drawn into the pleural cavity as the tube exits the chest wall.
3
Apply the occlusive dressing.
The insertion stoma is hermetically sealed.
Maintains negative intrathoracic pressure and guards against a secondary pneumothorax.
4
Auscultate lung sounds.
Immediate clinical status is verified.
Rapidly identifies any acute physiological decompensation, respiratory distress, or absent breath sounds immediately post-removal.
5
Facilitate a chest radiograph.
Lung expansion is objectively confirmed.
Radiographic imaging serves as the definitive diagnostic proof to rule out a new pneumothorax or hemothorax.

Anahtar Kavram

Safety Protocols for Chest Tube Removal
Soru 109Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed oral medication to a client who has a nasogastric (NG) tube connected to low intermittent wall suction. The medication has been appropriately crushed and dissolved in sterile water. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct chronological order.

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The correct sequence is to first pause suction and verify placement, flush for patency, administer the medication, flush to clear the line, and finally clamp the tube to allow for absorption.
Safe administration of enteral medications requires a systematic approach. The nurse must first ensure safety by pausing suction and verifying placement. Once verified, flushing ensures patency, followed by gravity administration of the medication, and a subsequent flush to clear the line. Finally, clamping the tube prevents the medication from being immediately suctioned out, allowing for gastric absorption.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Disconnect suction and verify placement.
The suction is paused and the tube is confirmed to be in the stomach.
Ensures the medication will not be aspirated into the lungs.
2
Flush with 30 mL of water.
The tube is cleared of any residual stomach contents.
Confirms tube patency and clears the path for the medication.
3
Administer the medication via gravity.
The dissolved medication enters the stomach.
Gravity administration prevents excessive pressure that could damage the tube.
4
Flush with 15 to 30 mL of water.
Residual medication is cleared from the tube.
Ensures the full dose reaches the stomach and prevents the tube from clogging.
5
Clamp the tube for at least 30 minutes.
The tube remains closed and disconnected from suction.
Allows adequate time for the medication to be absorbed through the gastric mucosa.

Anahtar Kavram

Enteral Medication Administration Principles
Soru 110Soru →

A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a client who is admitted with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The client is lethargic, has a blood glucose of 680 mg/dL680\text{ mg/dL} (37.7 mmol/L37.7\text{ mmol/L}), and an arterial pH of 7.127.12. Arrange the following collaborative and nursing interventions in the correct chronological order of implementation.

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1. Administer a rapid infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride; 2. Verify the initial serum potassium level; 3. Initiate an IV infusion of regular insulin; 4. Add 5% dextrose to the fluids; 5. Administer the first dose of subcutaneous insulin.
The evidence-based sequence for DKA management is: 1) restore intravascular volume with isotonic normal saline, 2) check potassium to ensure it is safe to administer insulin, 3) administer continuous IV regular insulin to stop ketogenesis, 4) add dextrose to the IV fluids when the blood glucose reaches 250 mg/dL to prevent hypoglycemia, and 5) transition to subcutaneous insulin once the anion gap is closed.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Address the primary life threat: severe dehydration and hypovolemia.
Intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride is administered rapidly.
Patients with severe DKA can lose up to 10% of their body weight in fluids due to osmotic diuresis. Restoring perfusion is the absolute first step.
2
Assess electrolyte status prior to starting hormonal therapy.
The serum potassium level is verified.
Insulin shifts potassium into cells. If the patient is already hypokalemic, administering insulin could cause a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Potassium must be known and, if necessary, replaced first.
3
Treat the underlying pathophysiology (ketogenesis).
A continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin is initiated.
Insulin stops the breakdown of fats, halting ketone production and gradually lowering blood glucose.
4
Prevent complications of rapid glucose lowering.
5% dextrose is added to the intravenous fluids when blood glucose reaches approximately 250 mg/dL.
Adding dextrose prevents hypoglycemia while allowing the insulin drip to continue running in order to fully close the anion gap. It also prevents cerebral edema from rapid osmotic shifts.
5
Transition to maintenance therapy.
Subcutaneous insulin is administered.
Once the ketoacidosis resolves (the anion gap closes), the patient is transitioned to subcutaneous insulin prior to stopping the IV drip to prevent DKA recurrence.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Management
Tahmini Süre:2m 0s
Soru 111Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed intravenous (IV) push medication to a client. The medication is incompatible with the client's continuous primary IV fluid infusion. The client has a single peripheral IV line. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions? Arrange the steps in the correct sequence from first to last.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is to first pause the incompatible infusion, scrub the injection port, flush the line with normal saline, administer the IV push medication, flush again with normal saline at the medication rate, and finally restart the primary infusion.
When administering an IV push medication that is incompatible with a continuous IV infusion, the nurse must ensure the two fluids do not mix. This is achieved by first pausing the primary infusion, cleaning the port, and flushing the line with a compatible fluid (usually 10 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride) before the medication is introduced. The medication is then administered over the recommended time. A second flush is required to ensure the full dose reaches the client, which must be administered at the same rate as the medication so the remaining drug is not pushed in too quickly. Finally, the primary infusion is restarted.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Pause the incompatible primary continuous IV fluid infusion.
The flow of the incompatible fluid is stopped.
Prevents mixing of the incompatible fluid and the IV push medication within the IV tubing, which could cause precipitation.
2
Scrub the injection port closest to the client.
The injection port is disinfected.
Reduces the risk of introducing pathogens into the client's bloodstream.
3
Flush the IV line with normal saline.
The incompatible fluid is cleared from the tubing.
Ensures the tubing is clear of the incompatible fluid before the medication is introduced.
4
Administer the IV push medication.
The medication is delivered to the client.
Provides the prescribed pharmacological therapy.
5
Flush the IV line again with normal saline at the same rate as the medication.
The remaining medication is cleared from the tubing and delivered to the client.
Ensures the client receives the full dose of the medication. Flushing at the medication rate prevents a sudden bolus of the drug.
6
Restart the primary continuous IV fluid infusion.
The primary fluid infusion is resumed.
Maintains the prescribed fluid therapy after the medication administration is complete.

Anahtar Kavram

Administration of an IV push medication through an incompatible continuous IV infusion requires pausing the primary fluid and performing careful flushing before and after to prevent mixing and precipitation.
Soru 112Soru →

A nurse is monitoring an adult client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Fifteen minutes into the infusion, the client suddenly reports severe lower back pain, chills, and shortness of breath. To reduce the risk of severe physiological complications, arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority sequence. (Arrange the first action at the top and the final action at the bottom).

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: 1) Stop the blood transfusion immediately, 2) Disconnect the blood tubing and initiate normal saline using new intravenous tubing, 3) Assess the client's vital signs and respiratory status, 4) Notify the healthcare provider and the blood bank of the suspected reaction, 5) Return the blood bag, attached administration set, and labels to the blood bank.
In the event of a suspected severe transfusion reaction, the priority is to stop the source of the injury. Therefore, stopping the transfusion is the absolute first action. Secondly, intravenous access must be maintained for emergency resuscitation, requiring normal saline to be infused through entirely new tubing to prevent flushing remaining blood into the client. Thirdly, a rapid physiological assessment of vital signs provides necessary data about the severity of the reaction (e.g., hypotension, hypoxia). Fourth, the healthcare provider and blood bank are notified, utilizing the gathered assessment data to receive medical orders. Finally, returning the blood bag and tubing to the blood bank is completed for diagnostic analysis after the client is stabilized.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the clinical signs of a severe transfusion reaction.
The client's lower back pain, chills, and shortness of breath indicate a potential acute hemolytic transfusion reaction.
Early recognition of a transfusion reaction dictates immediate emergency intervention to prevent morbidity or mortality.
2
Determine the first priority to reduce further risk to the client.
Stopping the transfusion immediately is prioritized above all other actions.
Halting the infusion prevents any additional incompatible red blood cells from entering the client's circulation, thereby limiting the severity of the reaction.
3
Establish the next immediate physical intervention to preserve safety.
Maintaining a patent intravenous line with normal saline using new tubing is the second step.
A patent line is critical for administering emergency fluids or medications. Flushing with the existing blood tubing would incorrectly push more incompatible blood into the client.
4
Prioritize the remaining assessment, communication, and procedural tasks.
Assessment of vital signs precedes notifying the provider, followed by returning the equipment to the blood bank.
The provider needs current vital signs to prescribe appropriate emergency orders. Returning the blood bag is a necessary administrative and diagnostic step but has the lowest immediate physiological priority.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Soru 113Soru →

A client on a medical-surgical unit is receiving continuous intravenous fluids through a central venous catheter. The client suddenly reports severe chest pain and shortness of breath. The nurse notes that the intravenous tubing has become disconnected from the catheter hub. Arrange the following nursing actions in the most appropriate order of priority to reduce the client's risk of further physiological complications.

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Cevap

The correct sequence of actions for a suspected air embolism is to first clamp the catheter, then place the client in a left lateral Trendelenburg position, administer oxygen, notify the rapid response team, and finally assess vital signs.
When an air embolism is suspected due to a disconnected central venous catheter, the immediate priority is to stop further air from entering by clamping the line. The next critical step is positioning the client in a left lateral Trendelenburg position to trap the air in the right ventricle and prevent pulmonary entry. Following this, oxygen administration treats hypoxia and helps absorb the gas. Only after these direct life-saving measures are taken should the nurse notify the rapid response team and then proceed to assess and document vital signs.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the immediate life-threatening complication.
The disconnected central venous catheter tubing combined with symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath indicates a high risk for an air embolism.
Rapid recognition of a life-threatening complication is required to initiate proper risk reduction measures.
2
Determine the priority intervention to stop the cause.
The nurse's first action must be to clamp the central venous catheter.
Clamping the catheter immediately halts the entry of environmental air into the venous system.
3
Select the appropriate position to minimize physiological harm.
The client should be placed in the left lateral Trendelenburg position.
This specific position traps the air in the apex of the right ventricle, preventing it from migrating forward into the pulmonary artery and causing a massive pulmonary embolism.
4
Support the client's oxygenation needs.
Administer oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
High-concentration oxygen treats hypoxemia and creates a diffusion gradient that assists in the absorption of the nitrogen gas contained in the air embolus.
5
Escalate care and begin continuous monitoring.
Notify the rapid response team and healthcare provider, then assess vital signs.
Once immediate physical interventions are complete, the nurse must seek advanced medical support and continue monitoring the client's hemodynamic status for deterioration.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of a Central Venous Catheter Air Embolism
Soru 114Soru →

A nurse is providing care for a client with a T4 spinal cord injury. The client suddenly reports a severe, pounding headache and blurred vision. Assessment reveals a blood pressure of 210/115 mm Hg, a heart rate of 54 beats/minute, and profuse diaphoresis above the level of the spinal lesion. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct order of priority.

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Cevap

The correct priority sequence is to first elevate the head of the bed, then loosen restrictive clothing, followed by checking the urinary catheter for blockages, and finally administering an antihypertensive medication if symptoms persist.
In the event of autonomic dysreflexia, the primary goal is to prevent a cerebrovascular accident by rapidly lowering the blood pressure while simultaneously identifying and removing the trigger. Elevating the head of the bed is the fastest mechanical way to lower blood pressure. Loosening tight clothing removes immediate surface triggers. Checking the catheter addresses the most common internal trigger (bladder distention). If these steps fail, pharmacological intervention is the final priority.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Place the client in a high-Fowler's position.
Immediate mechanical reduction of blood pressure.
This utilizes gravity to cause orthostatic pooling of blood in the lower extremities, decreasing venous return to the heart and temporarily mitigating the severe hypertension to prevent a stroke.
2
Loosen any restrictive clothing or tight devices.
Removal of external noxious stimuli.
Tight clothing or binders can act as the sensory trigger below the level of the spinal cord injury that initiates the exaggerated sympathetic response.
3
Check the urinary catheter tubing for kinks or blockage.
Identification and removal of internal noxious stimuli.
Bladder distention is the most frequent trigger for autonomic dysreflexia. Restoring urine flow removes the sympathetic stimulus.
4
Administer a prescribed rapid-acting antihypertensive medication.
Pharmacological reduction of blood pressure.
This is indicated when conservative measures and removal of the primary triggers fail to adequately lower the blood pressure.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization in Autonomic Dysreflexia Management
Soru 115Soru →

A nurse is preparing to draw a blood specimen from a client's multi-lumen central venous catheter (CVC). The selected lumen is currently capped and not actively infusing any fluids. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions to safely obtain the specimen, prevent infection, and maintain catheter patency? Arrange the steps in the correct chronological sequence.

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Cevap

The correct sequence for safely drawing blood from a central venous catheter is to first disinfect the hub, flush to check patency, discard a waste sample to clear the line, withdraw the actual specimen, and finally flush vigorously to clear residual blood.
Drawing blood from a central venous catheter requires a strict sequence to prevent infection, ensure patient safety, and obtain accurate diagnostic data. Disinfecting the hub is the critical first step to prevent CLABSI. Flushing assesses patency to avoid applying negative pressure to a blocked line. Discarding a waste volume is essential to clear the lumen of any flush solutions or medication residue that could alter the laboratory results. After drawing the uncontaminated sample, a generous volume of normal saline must be flushed using a push-pause (pulsatile) technique to completely clear the viscous blood and prevent catheter thrombosis.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Scrub the needleless connector hub with an antiseptic swab
Disinfects the access port
Reduces the risk of introducing pathogens and causing a central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
2
Flush the catheter lumen with 5 to 10 mL of normal saline
Assesses line patency
Ensures the line is functioning correctly and flushes any residual medications forward without forcing against an occlusion
3
Aspirate and discard a 5 mL waste sample of blood
Clears the lumen of the saline flush
Prevents dilution or contamination of the blood sample, which would cause inaccurate laboratory results
4
Withdraw the required volume of blood for the laboratory specimen
Obtains the required blood volume
Provides the uncontaminated sample needed for the ordered laboratory tests
5
Flush the catheter lumen using a pulsatile technique with 10 to 20 mL of normal saline
Clears blood from the catheter lumen
Prevents fibrin buildup, clot formation, and subsequent catheter occlusion

Anahtar Kavram

Central Venous Catheter (CVC) Blood Draw Protocol
Soru 116Soru →

A nurse enters the room of a client being treated for a spontaneous pneumothorax and observes that the client's chest tube has accidentally dislodged completely from the pleural space. The client is visibly anxious and tachypneic. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority order from first to last.

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The correct sequence prioritizes immediate prevention of air entry into the pleural space, sealing the chest wall defect, supporting respiration, communicating the emergency to providers, and preparing for medical intervention.
When a chest tube is dislodged, the immediate life-threatening risk is atmospheric air rushing into the pleural space, collapsing the lung and creating a tension pneumothorax. Instructing the client to perform a Valsalva maneuver (exhaling and bearing down) immediately increases intrathoracic pressure, preventing air entry. The nurse must then quickly seal the site with an occlusive petroleum dressing taped on three sides (acting as a one-way valve). Only after the defect is sealed should the nurse assess vital signs, administer oxygen to support the tachypneic client, and then call the healthcare provider. Finally, the nurse prepares for diagnostic imaging and definitive reinsertion.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Instruct the client to exhale forcefully and bear down.
Increases intrathoracic pressure.
Prevents atmospheric air from being drawn into the pleural cavity during the immediate moments after dislodgment.
2
Apply a sterile, occlusive petroleum dressing taped on three sides over the insertion site.
Seals the chest wall defect.
Taping on three sides creates a flutter valve that allows air to exit the pleural space during exhalation but prevents air from re-entering during inhalation.
3
Assess the client's respiratory status and administer supplemental oxygen.
Supports gas exchange and detects clinical decompensation.
Addresses the client's tachypnea and potential hypoxemia resulting from the sudden loss of negative intrathoracic pressure.
4
Notify the healthcare provider and the rapid response team.
Mobilizes advanced medical support.
The client requires prompt medical evaluation and definitive intervention for the dislodged tube.
5
Prepare the client for a portable chest radiograph and potential tube reinsertion.
Facilitates diagnostic imaging and clinical treatment.
An x-ray will determine the extent of the pneumothorax and guide the provider in safely placing a new chest tube.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of acute chest tube dislodgment requires immediate prevention of tension pneumothorax through pressure control and occlusive sealing before pursuing further assessment or medical notification.
Soru 117Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) to a client with severe anemia. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions? Arrange the steps in the correct chronological sequence.

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The correct sequence begins with verifying the prescription and consent, followed by patient preparation (IV access, vital signs), retrieving the blood, performing bedside verification, initiating the transfusion, and finally, remaining with the patient for the first 15 minutes.
Safe administration of blood products requires a strict, prioritized sequence to minimize risks such as ABO incompatibility and bacterial contamination. The process begins with foundational requirements (prescription and consent). Next, the nurse must ensure the client is physically ready (patent IV, baseline vitals) before the blood is exposed to room temperature. Once the patient is ready, the blood is retrieved. Bedside verification with two nurses immediately precedes the transfusion. The transfusion is then initiated using only 0.9% sodium chloride. Finally, because severe reactions typically occur early in the transfusion, the nurse must remain with the client for the first 15 minutes.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Verify the order and informed consent.
Ensures legal and medical authorization for the procedure.
Consent and prescriptions are the foundation of any medical intervention.
2
Assess IV access and obtain baseline vital signs.
Confirms readiness for the transfusion and establishes a baseline for monitoring.
Blood must be administered within a specific timeframe after leaving the blood bank, so all patient preparations must be done beforehand.
3
Retrieve the blood product from the blood bank.
The blood is brought to the unit for administration.
Retrieval happens only when the patient is fully prepared to receive the blood immediately.
4
Perform bedside verification with another nurse.
Confirms the right patient is receiving the right blood product.
Strict dual-verification prevents fatal ABO incompatibility reactions.
5
Prime the tubing and start the transfusion.
The blood begins to enter the patient's circulation.
Normal saline (0.9%) is the only compatible fluid for blood transfusions.
6
Remain with the patient for the first 15 minutes.
Allows for immediate detection and management of severe transfusion reactions.
Most life-threatening transfusion reactions occur within the first 15 minutes or first 50 mL of infusion.

Anahtar Kavram

Blood Product Administration Sequence and Safety
Soru 118Soru →

While assisting a client who had abdominal surgery three days ago, the client coughs forcefully and suddenly reports feeling a tearing sensation. Upon inspection, the nurse observes a portion of the small intestine protruding through the open surgical wound. What is the correct priority sequence of nursing actions? Place the interventions in the correct order from first to last.

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The correct sequence of actions for an abdominal evisceration is: 1) Remain with the client and call for assistance, 2) Place the client in a low Fowler's position with knees flexed, 3) Cover the protruding organs with sterile moistened dressings, 4) Assess vital signs, and 5) Notify the healthcare provider.
This sequence prioritizes immediate client safety, mechanical reduction of further injury, organ preservation, hemodynamic assessment, and interprofessional communication, following standard protocols for acute surgical emergencies.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Remain with the client and activate the emergency call system.
Ensures client safety and summons help to bring sterile supplies.
Leaving the client can exacerbate the emergency and increase anxiety; immediate assistance is required for materials without abandoning the patient.
2
Place the client in a low Fowler's position with the knees slightly flexed.
Relaxes the abdominal musculature.
This specific position minimizes intra-abdominal pressure, mechanically preventing further protrusion of the bowel.
3
Cover the protruding internal organs with sterile dressings moistened with sterile normal saline.
Creates a moist, sterile environment for the exposed viscera.
Prevents tissue drying, cellular necrosis, and introduces a critical barrier against severe infection.
4
Assess the client's vital signs.
Provides current hemodynamic status.
Detects early signs of hypovolemic shock and provides necessary data for a complete report to the healthcare provider.
5
Notify the healthcare provider.
Initiates medical intervention and surgical preparation.
The surgeon needs the assessment data to prepare the operating room for immediate surgical repair of the evisceration.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of Abdominal Evisceration
Soru 119Soru →

A nurse is preparing to perform open airway suctioning for an adult client with a tracheostomy tube. To reduce the risk of procedure-related complications such as hypoxia and mucosal trauma, arrange the following actions in the correct chronological sequence.

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The correct sequence is: Verify suction pressure, hyperoxygenate the client, insert the catheter without suction, apply intermittent suction during withdrawal, and finally rinse the catheter and reassess.
Safe tracheostomy suctioning requires a systematic approach to mitigate procedural risks. First, verifying safe suction pressure (80 to 120 mm Hg) prevents barotrauma. Next, hyperoxygenating the client provides a vital oxygen reserve to offset the oxygen lost during the procedure. Inserting the catheter without suction protects the tracheal lining from stripping and injury. Suctioning is then applied intermittently during withdrawal for a maximum of 15 seconds to safely evacuate secretions without causing profound hypoxia. Finally, rinsing the catheter and reassessing the client ensures the airway is clear and stable.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Verify the wall suction pressure is set between 80 and 120 mm Hg.
Suction equipment is confirmed to be at a safe negative pressure level.
Setting the pressure correctly before starting prevents excessive negative pressure from causing atelectasis or damaging the delicate tracheal mucosa.
2
Hyperoxygenate the client with 100% oxygen.
The client's functional residual capacity is filled with oxygen.
Suctioning removes oxygen along with secretions; pre-oxygenating creates a safe reserve to prevent profound hypoxemia.
3
Insert the sterile suction catheter without applying suction.
The catheter reaches the necessary depth (typically until resistance is met or the client coughs).
Applying suction during insertion pulls the mucosal tissue into the catheter eyelets, causing severe trauma and bleeding.
4
Apply intermittent suction while rotating and withdrawing the catheter for no more than 15 seconds.
Secretions are safely cleared from the airway.
Limiting suction time to 15 seconds or less and rotating the catheter minimizes the risk of hypoxia and prevents the catheter from adhering to one area of the mucosa.
5
Rinse the catheter with sterile saline and reassess the client's respiratory status.
The suction tubing is cleared, and the client's clinical status is evaluated.
Clearing the tubing prepares it for subsequent passes if needed, while reassessment confirms airway clearance and client stability.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe Tracheostomy Suctioning Protocol
Soru 120Soru →

During morning rounds, a client who underwent a surgical tracheostomy two days prior begins coughing violently, completely expelling the tracheostomy tube. The client immediately exhibits severe stridor, and the pulse oximeter alarms at 81%. Arrange the critical nursing interventions in the correct chronological sequence to manage this acute airway emergency.

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Cevap

The correct sequence prioritizes immediate airway positioning, maintaining stoma patency, inserting the replacement tube safely, removing the obstructing obturator, and verifying placement.
In an acute tracheostomy dislodgment occurring less than 72 hours post-procedure, the primary risk is rapid closure of the immature stoma tract. The immediate priority is to position the client to optimize access and use a sterile hemostat (or retention sutures) to keep the stoma open. Once patent, a new tracheostomy tube (of the same or smaller size) with the obturator inserted is advanced to secure the airway. The obturator must then be removed instantly because it occludes the lumen and prevents breathing. Finally, auscultation confirms that the tube is correctly located in the trachea and that bilateral ventilation is occurring.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Position the client supine with the neck slightly extended.
The airway structures are aligned for optimal access.
Proper positioning is the foundational first step to visualize and access the stoma site safely.
2
Use a sterile curved hemostat to gently open and secure the stoma.
The stoma tract remains patent.
Because the surgical tract is less than 72 hours old, it is immature and will rapidly close without physical intervention.
3
Advance a replacement tracheostomy tube equipped with an obturator into the stoma.
The tube is guided into the trachea.
The obturator provides a blunt, rounded tip that prevents tissue trauma during insertion through the fresh tract.
4
Withdraw the obturator immediately from the tracheostomy tube.
The tube lumen is cleared.
The obturator completely occludes the airway lumen; removing it is essential to permit ventilation.
5
Auscultate bilateral lung fields.
Tube placement is confirmed.
Equal breath sounds verify that the tube has entered the trachea and is not lodged in subcutaneous tissue or a false passage.

Anahtar Kavram

Emergency management of early tracheostomy dislodgment requires immediate action to maintain a patent stoma and re-establish the airway before the immature tract closes.
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